Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2010.13.1.103

The literature review of Leech therapy  

Jang, Hyo-Kil (Dept. of Oriental Medicine Graduate school, Daejeon University)
Heo, Dong-Seok (Dept. of Oriental Medicine Graduate school, Daejeon University)
Publication Information
Journal of Pharmacopuncture / v.13, no.1, 2010 , pp. 103-120 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objective : To review the trend of the study related to Leech therapy and to establish the hereafter direction for the study on Leech therapy. Methods : I reviewed and analyzed all the theses published in Domestic and Foreign research institution from 1990 to 2009. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Analyzed number of theses published, there was no significance per year. 2. Classified by theme of journal, journals related to surgery were most(41 journals, 75.92%) among 54 kinds. 3. Classified by theses by research method and thesis types, case report accounted for nearly twothirds (52 pieces, 68.42%) of all theses and consideration of document was next(9 pieces, 11.84%). 4. With the most case of venous congestion after plastic and reconstructive surgery(33 pieces, 63.46%), leech therapy was effective on illnesses such as haematoma, macroglossia, purpura, varicous vein, avulsion injury, neurovascular compression, diabetic neuropathy, penoscrotal oedema, buerger's disease, rheumatoid arthritis. 5. Two most appeared adverse effects were anemia and infection. Immediate blood transfusion was done for recovering anemia and prophylactic 3rd generation antibiotics to infection were emphasized in more than half of case reports. 6. All of consideration of documents was retrospective study of cases related leech therapy and 3 pieces of them emphasized prophyratic antibiotic treatment for preventing infection. 7. The study of clinical trail type started first in 2002 and osteoarthritis of knee and carpometacarpal joint were main target. As see above result, Leech therapy was effective cure and could be used in disease induced by venous congestion. And I think that it is necessary to perform additional study related to solution of problems about leech therapy and protocol for using in clinical practice.
Keywords
Leech therapy; Hirudo medicinalis; Medicinal leech; Hirudotherapy;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Iafolla AK. Medicinal leeches in the postoperative care of bladder exstrophy. Journal of Perinatology. 1995;15(2):135-8
2 Smeets IM, Engelberts I. The use of leeches in a case of post-operative life-threatening macroglossia. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995;109(5):442-4
3 全國韓醫科大學本草學敎授共編著. 本草學. 서울:圖書出版永林社. 1995:430-3
4 著者未詳. 神農本草經. 太原.:山西科學技術出版社. 1991:118
5 김창민, 신민교, 이경순, 안덕균 역. 中藥大辭典. 정담. 2004:2566
6 許浚原著, 趙憲泳, 金東日外10人共譯. 東醫寶鑑. 서울:여강출판사. 1994:2207
7 Bapat RD, Acharya BS, Juvekar S, Dahanukar SA, Leech therapy for complicated varicose veins. Indian Journal of Medcal Research. 1998;107:281-4
8 Pereira JA, Greig JR, Liddy H, Ion L, Moss AL. Leech-borne Serratia marcescens infection following complex hand injury. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998;51(8):640-1   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Mortenson BW, Dawson KH, Murakami C. Medicinal leeches used to salvage a traumatic nasal flap. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998;36(6):462-4   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Weinfeld AB, Kattash M, Grifka R, Friedman JD. Leech therapy in the management of acute venous congestion of an infant's lower limb. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 1998;102(5):1611-4   DOI
11 Braga A, Lineaweaver WC, Whitney TM, Follansbee S, Buncke HJ. Sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophilia cultured from medicinal leeches to oral antibiotics. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 1990;6(2):135-7
12 Menage MJ, Wright G. Use of leeches in a case of severe periorbital haematoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1991;75(12):755-6   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Regan PJ, Roberts JO, Sabapathy SR, Roberts AH. Use of the medicinal leech to salvage specialized skin jeopardized by venous impairment. Injury.1991;22(2):161-3   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Dabb RW, Malone JM, Leverett LC. The use of medicinal leeches in the salvage of flaps with venous congestion. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1992;29(3):250-6   DOI
15 Lineaweaver WC, Hill MK, Buncke GM, Follansbee S, Buncke HJ, Wong RK, Manders EK, Grotting JC, Anthony J, Mathes SJ. Aeromonas hydrophilia infections following use of medicinal leeches in replantation and flap surgery. Annals of plastic surgery. 1992;29(3):238-44   DOI
16 Cottler PS, Gampper TJ, Rodeheaver GT. Evaluation of clinically applicable exsanguination treatments to alleviate venous congestion in an animal skin flap model. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 1999;7(3):187-195   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Rivera ML, Gross JE. Scalp replantation after traumatic injury. AORN journal. 1995;62(2):175-80   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Legre R. Unusual case of Aeromonas sobria Cellulitis Associated with the Use of Leeches. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999;18(1):72-3   DOI
19 Smolle J, Cerroni L, Kerl H. Multiple pseudolymphomas caused by Hirudo medicinalis therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000;43(5):867-9   DOI   ScienceOn
20 de Chalain T, Cohen SR, Burstein FD. Successful Use of Leeches in the Treatment of Purpura Fulminans. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995;35(3):300-4   DOI
21 Haycox CL, Odland PB, Coltrera MD, Raugi GJ. Indications and complications of medicinal leech therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995;33(6):1053-5   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Pantuck AJ, Lobis MR, Ciocca R, Weiss RE. Penile replantation using the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Urology. 1996;48(6):953-6   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Varghese MR, Farr RW, Wax MK, Chafin BJ, Owens RM. Vibrio fluvialis wound infection associated with medicinal leech therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1996;22(4):709-10
24 de Chalain TM. Exploring the use of the medicinal leech : a clinical risk-benefit analysis. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 1996;12(3):165-72   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Guven, H, Akbas, H. The use of leeches in the management of a ring avulsion injury. European journal of plastic surgery. 2002;25(3):162-4   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Yoon ID, Kim YK, Kim JO, Park JH, Baek RM, Choe J. Leech Therapy in Digital Replantation of Children. Journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 1999;8(1):64-70   과학기술학회마을
27 Sartor C, Limouzin-Perotti F, Legr R, Casanova D, Bongrand MC, Sambuc R, Drancourt M. Nosocomial Infections with Aeromonas hydrophilia from leeches. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002;35(1):1-5   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Chepeha DB, Nussenbaum B, Bradford CR, Teknos TN. Leech therapy for patients with surgically unsalvageable venous obstruction after revascularized free tissue transfer. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery. 2002;128(8):960-5   DOI
29 Utley DS, Koch RJ, Goode RL. The failing flap in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery: role of the medicinal leech. The Laryngoscope. 1998;108(8):1129-35   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Ahn HB, Cho GS, Kim DY, Microsurgical Replantation of A Partial Ear with Arteriole Anastomosis. Journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 1999;8(1):10-4   과학기술학회마을
31 Cho BH, Ahn HB. Microsurgical Replantation of a Partial Ear, With Leech Therapy. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999;43(4):427-9   DOI
32 Friedman J, Fabre J, Netscher D, Jaksic T. Treatment of acute neonatal vascular injuries-- the utility of multiple interventions. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1999;34(6):940-5   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Philip J, Armitage DW, Phillips KR. Leech therapy for penoscrotal oedema in patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. BJU international. 2003;91(6):579-80   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Dixon M. Leeches in PICU. Pediatric nursing. 2003;29(3):216-8
35 Guneren E, Erolu L, Akba H, Uysal OA, Hoke-lek M, Erolu C. The use of Hirudo medicinalis in nipple-areolar congestion. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000;45(6):679-80   DOI
36 Gideroglu K, Yildirim S, Akan M, Akoz T. Immediate use of medicinal leeches to salvage venous congested reverse pedicled neurocutaneous flaps. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery. 2003;37(5):277-82
37 Michalsen A, Klotz S, Ludtke R, Moebus S, Spahn G, Dobos GJ. Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee : a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2003;139(9):724-30   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Baek CH, Shin JH, Park JH. Medicinal leech therapy for salvage of the failing flap. Korean journal of head & neck oncology. 2000;16(1):20-25   과학기술학회마을
39 Byrne PJ, Bernstein PE. The use of medicinal leeches to treat macroglossia secondary to blunt trauma. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2001;125(6):649-50   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Noh JH, Minn KW, Lee HT, Yoo WI. Microsurgical Replantation of the Amputated Ear without Venous Repair : Clinical Experience with Leech. Journal of the Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons. 2001;28(6):667-70
41 Talbi M, Stussi JD, Meley M. Microsurgical Replantation of a Totally Amputated Ear Without Veonus Repair. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 2001;17(6):417-20   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Michalsen A, Deuse U, Esch T, Dobos G, Moebus S. Effect of leeches therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) in painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a pilot study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases: the official journal. 2001;60(10):986   DOI   ScienceOn
43 NA HJ. The Effects of Live Leech (Hirudo Medicinalis) Therapy on Diabetic Foot : a Clinical Case Report. Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine. 2003;24(4):136-8   과학기술학회마을
44 Conforti ML, Connor NP, Heisey DM, Vanderby R, Kunz D, Hartig GK. Development of mechanical devint to replace medicinal leech for tce tment of venous congestion. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2002;39(4):497-504
45 Connor NP, Conforti ML, Heisey DM, Vanderby R, Kunz D, Hartig GK. Augmented blood removal after medicinal leech feeding in congested tissue flaps. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2002;39(4):505-12
46 Avci G, Akan M, Yildirim S, Akoz T. Digital neurovascular compression due to a forgotten tourniquet. Hand Surgery. 2003;8(1):133-6   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Tuncali D, Terzioglu A, Cigsar B, Aslan G. The value of medical leeches in the treatment of class IIC ring avulsion injuries : report of 2 cases. The Journal of hand surgery. 2004;29(5):943-9   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Ouderkirk JP, Bekhor D, Turett GS, Murali R. Aeromonas meningitis complicating medicinal leech therapy. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004;38(4):36-7   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Duroure F, Simon E, Fadhul S. Microsurgical lip replantation : Evaluation of functional and aesthetic results of three cases. Microsurgery. 2004;24(4):265-9   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Mineo M, Jolley T, Rodriguez G. Leech therapy in penile replantation : a case of recurrent penile self-amputation. Urology. 2004;63(5):981-3
51 Heckmann JG, Dutsch M, Neundorfer B, Dutsch F, Hartung U. Leech therapy in the treatment of median nerve compression due to forearm haematoma. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery,and psychiatry. 2005;76(10):146   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Frodel JL, Barth P, Wagner J. Salvage of partial facial soft tissue avulsions with medicinal leeches. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academ-y of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2004;131(6):934-9   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Hartig GK, Connor NP, Heisey DM, Conforti ML. Comparing a mechanical device with medicinal leeches for treating venous congesion. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2003;129(5):556-64   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Whitaker IS, Izadi D, Oliver DW, Monteath G, Butler PE. Hirudo Medicinalis and the plastic surgeon. British journal of plastic surgery. 2004;57(4):348-53   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Steer A, Daley AJ, Curtis N. Suppurative sequelae of symbiosis. The Lancet. 2005;365(9454):188   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Kumar N, Mohindra R, Mohan B, Wander GS. Gastrointestinal bleed after leeching in a patient on aspirin therapy. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology. 2005;24(4):170
57 Peter S, Ron Winokur BS, Greg A, Edmund P. Successful Non-Microvascular Nasal Tip Replantation After Traumatic Avulsion. The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2006;2(2). Available from : URL:http://www.ispub.com
58 Dippenaar R, Smith J, Goussard P, Walters E. Meningococcal purpura fulminans treated with medicinal leeches. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2006;7(5):476-8   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Yim YM, Kwon H, Oh DY, Lee JY, Jung SN. Replantation of Nose Amputation by Use of Medical Leech. Journal of the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. 2005;32(1):124-130
60 Ikizceli I, Avsarogullari L, Sozuer E, Yurumez Y, Akdur O. Bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite. Emergency medicine journal. 2005;22(6):458-60   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Spahn, G, Rieckmann, T, Michalsen, A. Long term results and adverse effects of leech therapy in osteoarthritis. Complementary health care. 2005:34
62 Ardehali B, Hand K, Nduka C, Holmes A, Wood S. Delayed leech-borne infection with Aeromonas hydrophilia in escharotic flap wound. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery. 2006;59(1):94-5   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Hullett JS, Spinnato GG, Ziccardi V. Treatment of an Ear Laceration With Adjunctive Leech Therapy : A Case Report. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2007;65(10):2112-4   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Flores RL, Bastidas N, Galiano RD. Successful replantation of an amputated nose after dog bite injury. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2007;136(2):326-7   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Bauters TG, Buyle FM, Verschraegen G, Vermis K, Vogelaers D, Claeys G, Robays H. Infection risk related to the use of medicinal leeches. Pharmacy world & science. 2007;29(3):122-5   DOI
66 O'Toole G, Bhatti K, Masood S. Replantation of an avulsed ear, using a single arterial anastamosis. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery. 2008;61(3):326-9   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Yoo CK, Lee YJ, A Case of Live Leech(Hirudo Medicinalis) Therapy with Herbal Medication on Regional Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine. 2009;19(3):135-146
68 Etemadi J, Ardalan MR, Motavali R, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM. Thrombotic microangiopathy as a complication of medicinal leech therapy. Southern medical journal. 2008;101(8):845-7   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Whitaker IS, Kamya C, Azzopardi EA, Graf J, Kon M, Lineaweaver WC. Preventing infective complications following leech therapy : Is practice keeping pace with current research? Microsurgery. 2009;29(8):619-25
70 Kwak BM, Hong KE. Case of buerger's disease Improve by Gi-Chim Treatment (Leech Therapy). Journal of Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute. 2009;12(2):91-8   DOI
71 Mumcuoglu KY, Huberman L, Cohen R, Temper V, Adler A, Galun R, Block C. Elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestinal tract of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, using ciprofloxacin feeding. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2009:1-5
72 武繼彪, 劉紅兵, 呂文海. 3種水蛭製品調脂作用比較. 中國中藥雜誌. 1994;19(6):343-5
73 이상권, 이상기, 손정훈, 최의성. 한국산 거머리로부터 항혈전단백질의 검색과 분리, 정제. 한국생화학회지. 1993;26(3):228-34
74 Rubsamen K, Eschenfelder V. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Haemostasis. 1991;2:97-100
75 Kim KC, Chung C, Kim SE, Kim HS, Rhyou IH, Reconstruction of Soft Tissue Defect of Lower Extremity with Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap. Journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 2006;15(2):70-6   과학기술학회마을
76 Orsini J, Sakoulas G. Surgical site infection complicating Leech Therapy. The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2006;3(1). Available from : URL:http://www.ispub.com
77 Schlaudraff KU, Bezzola T, Montandon D, Pepper MS, Pittet B. Mixed Arterio Venous insufficiency in random skin flaps in the rat is the application of medicinal leeches beneficial. The Journal of surgical research. 2008;150(1):85-91   DOI   ScienceOn
78 Durrant C, Townley WA, Ramkumar S, Khoo CT. Forgotten digital tourniquet salvage of an ischaemic finger by application of medicinal leeches. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2006;88(5):462-4   DOI   ScienceOn
79 Andereya S, Stanzel S, Maus U, Mueller-Rath R, Mumme T, Siebert CH, Stock F, Schneider U. Assessment of leech therapy for knee osteoarthritis : a randomized study. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. 2002;8(5):84-8
80 Michalsen A, Ludtke R, Cesur O. Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint : a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2008;137(2):452-59   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Kaiser B, Simon A, Markwardt F. Antithrombotic effects of recombinant hirudin in experimental angioplasty and intravascular thrombolysis. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 1990;63(1):44-7
82 이상기, 최의성, 김철호, 정붕현, 손정훈, 강현아, 김화영, 배정훈, 김원경, K.J. Rao, Ter-Avanesyan. 항혈전성 재조합 히루딘의 생산 및 분리정제 기술개발. 한국생명공학연구원. 1997:2-3
83 Song SW, Hong YS, Kwak YL, Ahn SK. Open Heart Surgery in Patient with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. Korean Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002;35:475-8   과학기술학회마을
84 Gross MP, Apesos J. The use of leeches for treatment of venous congestion of the nipple following breast surgery. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1992;16(4):343-8   DOI
85 Bunker TD. The contemporary use of the medicinal leech. Injury. 1981;12(5):430-2   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Foucher G, Henderson H, Maneau M, Merie M, Braun F. Distal digital replantation. International Journal of Microsurgery. 1981;3:263-70
87 Yun HH, Jeong DS, Choe J. Measures to Reduce Aeromonas hydrophilia Infection that May Occur after Leech Application. The journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 2002;11(1):73-7
88 Trontelj P, Sotler M, Verovnik R. Genetic differentiation between two species of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis and the neglected H. verbana, based on random-amplified polymorphic DNA. Parasitolog Research. 2004;94(2):118-124
89 Celia M. Indications for Use. Food and Drug Administration. 2004 Jun 21:1. Available from: URL : http://www. accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs /pdf4/k040187.pdf
90 Lee C, Mehran RJ, Lessard ML, Kerrigan CL. Leeches : controlled trial in venous compromised rat epigastric flaps. British journal of plastic surgery. 1992;45(3):235-8   DOI   ScienceOn