Browse > Article

The Association between Bone Density at Os Calcis and Body Composition in Healthy Children Aged 9-12 Years  

Shin, Eun-Kyung (School of public health, Seoul National University)
Kim, Ki-Suk (School of public health, Seoul National University)
Kim, Hee-Young (School of public health, Seoul National University)
Lee, In-Sook (College of Nursing, Seoul National University)
Joung, Hyo-Jee (School of public health, Seoul National University)
Cho, Sung-Il (School of public health, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health / v.37, no.1, 2004 , pp. 72-79 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objectives : This cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the relationship between the bone mineral density at the os calcis and the body mass composition in healthy children. Methods : The areal bone mineral density was measured at the os calcis with peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The fat free mass, fat mass and percentage fat mass were measured using bioelectric impedance, in 237 Korean children, aged 9 to 12 years. The sexual maturity was determined by self assessment, using standardized series of the 5 Tanner stage drawings, accompanied by explanatory text. Results : From multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sexual maturity and height, the fat free mass was found to be the best predictor of the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. About 15 and 20% variabilities were found in the calcaneal bone mineral densities of the boys and girls, respectively, which can be explained by the fat free mass. After weight adjustment, the percentage fat mass was negatively associated with the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. Conclusions : The findings of this study suggest that the fat free mass, among the body compositions, is the major determinant of bone mineral density at the os calcis in Korean children aged 9 to 12 years. Obesity, defined as the percentage fat mass, is assumed to have a negative effect on the calcaneal bone density in children of the same weight.
Keywords
Bone density; Calcaneus; Body composition; Obesity; Sex Maturation;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Osleoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement 2000 March 27-29; 17(1): 1-36
2 Pollitzer WS, Anderson JJ. Ethnic and genehtic differences in bone mass: a review with a hereditary vs environmental perspe-ctive. Am J Clin Nutr 1989 ; 50(6): 1244-1259   DOI   PUBMED
3 Bachrach BE, Smith EP. The role of sex steroids in bone growth and development evolving new concepts . Endoclinologist 1996; 6: 362-368   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44(235): 291-303   DOI
5 Duke PM, Litt IF, Gross RT. Adolescents' self-assessment of sexual maturation Pediatrics 1980 Dec; 66(6): 918-920
6 Ha SM, Pai KS, Hyoung UJ, Kim DH. Study on pubertal changes in adolescent girls:pubertal changes in middle school girls living in seoul. Korean J Pediart 1990; 33(7): 989-997(Korean)
7 Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Michaelsen KF. Whole body bone mineral accretion in healthy children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 1999; 81(1): 10-15   DOI
8 우창하. 청소년기 운동형태가 골밀도 및 골대사에 미치는 영향. 석사학위논문; 국민대 스포츠산업대학원. 2001
9 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2002;916
10 Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, Liu X, Zhao L, Parker KL, Armstrong D, Ducy P, Karsenty G. Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system. Cell 2002; 111(3): 305-317   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Bhudhikanok GS, Wang MC, Eckert K, Matkin C, Marcus R, Bachrach LK. Differences in bone mineral in young Asian and Caucasian Americans may reflect differences in bone size. J Bone Miner Res 1996 Oct; 11(10): 1545-1556   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
12 대한 소아과학회 보건통계위원회. 1998년 한국소아 및 청소년 신체 박육 표준치. 대한소아과학회; 1998
13 Baumgartner RN, Stauber PM, Koehler KM, Romero L, Garry PJ. Association of fatand muscle masses with bone mineral in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 365-372   DOI   PUBMED
14 Whang IT, Ryu KH, Kim KH, Hong YM, Kim KH, Lee K. Percent of body fat by bioelectrical impedence analysis in healthy children. Korean J Pediatr 1999; 42(9): 1207-1214(Korean)
15 Heymsfield SB, Wang Z, Visser M, Gallagher D, Pierson RN Jr. Technique, used in the measurement of body composition: an overvIew with emphasis on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64(3 Surppl): 478S- 484S   DOI
16 Black DM, Cumming SR, Genat HK, Nevitt MC, Palermo L, Browner W. Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 633-638   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
17 Prentice A. Is nutrition important in osteo-porosis? Proc Nutr Soc 1997; 56: 357-367
18 Kleinebaum DG，Kupper LL, Muller KE, NizamA.Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods, 3rd ed.:CA:Brooks/CoIe Co.;1998 .P.241
19 Hopper JL, Green RM, Nowson CA, Young D, Sherwin J, Kaymakci B, Larkins RG, Wark JD. Genetic, common environment, and individual specific components of variance for bone mineral density in 10-to 26-year-old females: A twin study. Am J EpidemioI 1998; 147: 17-29   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Fordham JN, Chinn DJ, Kumar N. Identification of women with reduced bone density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck using BMD at the os calcis Osteoporos int 2000; 11(9): 797-802
21 Weiler HA, Janzen L, Green K, Grabowski J, Seshia MM, Yuen KC. Percent body fatand bone mass in healthy Canadian females 10 to 19 years of age. Bone 2000; 27(2): 203-207   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Valdimarsson O, Kristinsson JO, Stefan sson SO, Valdimarsson S, Sigurdsson G. Lean mass and physical activity as predictors of bone mineral density in 16- 20-year old women. J Intern Med 1999 May; 245(5): 489-496   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Nguyen TV, Howard GM, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA. Bone mass, lean mass, and fat mass: same genes or same environment? Am J EpidemioI 1998; 147: 3-16   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Faulkner RA, Bailey DA, Drinkwater DT, Wilkinson AA, Houston CS, McKay HA. Regional and total body bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and total body tissue composition in children 8-16 years of age. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53 (1): 7-12   DOI
25 Khoury MJ. Genetic and epidemiologic approaches to the search for gene-environment interaction: the case of osteoporosis. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147(1): 1-2   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
26 Lonzer MD, Imrie R, Rogers D, Worley D, Licata A, Secic M. Effects of heredity, age, weight, puberty, activity, and calcium intake on bone mineral density in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1996; 35(4): 185-189   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Seeman E, Hopper JL, Young NR, Formica C, Goss P, Tsalamandris C. Dogenetic factors explain asoociations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone density? A twin study. Am J Physiol 1996; 270 (2Pt1): E320-327
28 Parsons TJ, Prenttice A, Smith EA, Cole TJ, Compston JE. Bone mineral mass consolidation in young british adults. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 264-274   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
29 Reid IR, Ames R, Evans MC, Sharpe S, Gamble G, France JT, Lim TT Cundy TF. Determinants of total body and regional bone mineral density in normal post menopausal women-A key role for fat mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 45-51   DOI
30 Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child 1970; 45(239): 13-23   DOI
31 Barbeau P, Gutin B, LitakerM, Owens S, Riggs S, Okuyama T. Correlates of individual differences in body-composition changes resulting from physical training in obese children. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 Apr; 69(4): 705-711   DOI   PUBMED
32 Bailey DA. Growth, physical activity, and bone mineral acquisition. Exer Sport Sci Rev 1996; 24: 233-266
33 Hakulinen MA, Saarakkala S, Toyras J, Kroger H, Jurvelin JS. Dual energy x-ray laser measurement of calcaneal bone mineral density. Phys Med Biol 2003; 48(12): 1741-1752   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Bedogni G, Malavolti M, Severi S, Poli M, Mussi C, Fantuzzi AL, Battistini N. Accuracy of an eight-point tactile-electrode irrpedance method in the assessment of total body water. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56(11): 1143-1148   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Abrahamsen B, Rohold A, Henriksen JE, Beck-Nielsen H. Correlations between insulin sensitivity and bone mineral density in non-diabetic men. Diabet Med 2000; 17(2): 124-129   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Bass S, Pearce G, Bradney M, Hendrich E, Delmas PD, Harding A, Seeman E. Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13(3): 500-507   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Comerci GD. Normal pubescent growth and sexual maturation. Semin Adolesc Med 1987 Dec; 3(4): 217-226   PUBMED
38 Report of a WHO Study Group. Assessment of fracture risk and Its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1994; 843: 1-129
39 Glastre C, Braillon P, David L, Cochat P, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD. Measurement of bone mineral content of the lumbar spine by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in normal children: correlations with growth parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70(5): 1330-1333   DOI
40 Katzman DK, Bachrach LK, Carter DR, Marcus R. Clinical and anthropometric correlates of bone mineral acquisition in healthy adolescent girls. J Clin Endo crinol Metab 1991; 73(6): 1332-1339   DOI