Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2016.31.1.98

Relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodules in healthy Koreans  

Shin, Juyoung (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Kim, Min-Hee (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Yoon, Kun-Ho (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Kang, Moo-Il (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Cha, Bong-Yun (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Lim, Dong-Jun (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Publication Information
The Korean journal of internal medicine / v.31, no.1, 2016 , pp. 98-105 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background/Aims: This study evaluated the relationship between thyroid nodules and metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in apparently healthy Koreans. Methods: We reviewed the records of 3,298 subjects with no noticeable symptoms who underwent thyroid ultrasound imaging as part of a routine check-up between July 2009 and June 2010; of these, 1,308 were excluded based upon predefined criteria. Among the remaining 1,990 patients, we examined the association between MS and its components and the incidence of thyroid nodules. Results: Of the 1,990 subjects included in this study, 38.4% (n = 764) had thyroid nodules and 12.7% (n = 253) had MS. Female sex, older age, higher body mass index, larger waist circumference, higher glycated hemoglobin level, lower thyroid stimulating hormone level, and presence of MS were all closely related with the presence of thyroid nodules (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relevant number of MS components showed a positive linear correlation with the occurrence of thyroid nodules (p < 0.001). Evidence of MS alone was not independently associated with thyroid nodules after adjusting for sex and age in a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis; however, glycated hemoglobin for females and waist circumference for males, as well as both age and thyroid stimulating hormone for all patients, were identified as independent predictors for the existence of thyroid nodules (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests a positive relationship between the components of MS and thyroid nodules in an ostensibly healthy Korean population. Our data support the idea that the recent increase in thyroid nodules is partly due to increases in both MS and obesity.
Keywords
Thyroid nodule; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA 2006;295:2164-2167.   DOI
2 Enewold L, Zhu K, Ron E, et al. Rising thyroid cancer incidence in the United States by demographic and tumor characteristics, 1980-2005. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:784-791.   DOI
3 Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1415-1428.   DOI
4 Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:8-13.   DOI
5 Pothiwala P, Jain SK, Yaturu S. Metabolic syndrome and cancer. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7:279-288.   DOI
6 Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 2013;20:1301-1309.   DOI
7 Russo A, Autelitano M, Bisanti L. Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 2008;44:293-297.   DOI
8 Lund Haheim L, Wisloff TF, Holme I, Nafstad P. Metabolic syndrome predicts prostate cancer in a cohort of middle-aged Norwegian men followed for 27 years. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:769-774.   DOI
9 Ayturk S, Gursoy A, Kut A, Anil C, Nar A, Tutuncu NB. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:599-605.   DOI
10 Rezzonico JN, Rezzonico M, Pusiol E, Pitoia F, Niepomniszcze H. Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7:375-380.   DOI
11 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.   DOI
12 Kim JY, Kim KR. Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in patients with thyroid diseases. Yonsei Med J 2000;41:22-28.   DOI
13 Saydah SH, Loria CM, Eberhardt MS, Brancati FL. Abnormal glucose tolerance and the risk of cancer death in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:1092-1100.   DOI
14 Tulinius H, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, Bjarnadottir K, Tryggvadottir L. Risk factors for malignant diseases: a cohort study on a population of 22,946 Icelanders. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:863-873.
15 Yin J, Wang C, Shao Q, et al. Relationship between the prevalence of thyroid nodules and metabolic syndrome in the iodine-adequate area of Hangzhou, China: a cross-sectional and cohort study. Int J Endocrinol 2014;2014:675796.
16 Wang K, Yang Y, Wu Y, et al. The association between insulin resistance and vascularization of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:184-192.   DOI
17 Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993;328:553-559.   DOI
18 Kim JY, Jung EJ, Park ST, et al. Body size and thyroid nodules in healthy Korean population. J Korean Surg Soc 2012;82:13-17.   DOI
19 Hildrum B, Mykletun A, Hole T, Midthjell K, Dahl AA. Age-specific prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program: the Norwegian HUNT 2 study. BMC Public Health 2007;7:220.   DOI
20 Zhan YS, Feng L, Tang SH, et al. Glucose metabolism disorders in cancer patients in a Chinese population. Med Oncol 2010;27:177-184.   DOI
21 Heine RJ, Balkau B, Ceriello A, Del Prato S, Horton ES, Taskinen MR. What does postprandial hyperglycaemia mean? Diabet Med 2004;21:208-213.   DOI
22 Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:579-591.   DOI
23 Ibrahim YH, Yee D. Insulin-like growth factor-I and cancer risk. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004;14:261-269.   DOI
24 Iribarren C, Haselkorn T, Tekawa IS, Friedman GD. Cohort study of thyroid cancer in a San Francisco Bay area population. Int J Cancer 2001;93:745-750.   DOI
25 Zivaljevic V, Vlajinac H, Jankovic R, Marinkovic J, Diklic A, Paunovic I. Case-control study of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Tumori 2004;90:9-12.
26 Gerich JE. Clinical significance, pathogenesis, and management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1306-1316.   DOI
27 Ko SH, Kim SR, Kim DJ, et al. 2011 Clinical practice guidelines for type 2 diabetes in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:431-436.   DOI
28 International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1327-1334.   DOI
29 Saudek CD, Herman WH, Sacks DB, Bergenstal RM, Edelman D, Davidson MB. A new look at screening and diagnosing diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2447-2453.   DOI
30 Bennett CM, Guo M, Dharmage SC. HbA(1c) as a screening tool for detection of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2007;24:333-343.   DOI
31 Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, et al. A pooled analysis of thyroid cancer studies. V. Anthropometric factors. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:137-144.   DOI
32 Engeland A, Tretli S, Akslen LA, Bjorge T. Body size and thyroid cancer in two million Norwegian men and women. Br J Cancer 2006;95:366-370.   DOI
33 Kitahara CM, Platz EA, Park Y, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Body fat distribution, weight change during adulthood, and thyroid cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Int J Cancer 2012;130:1411-1419.   DOI
34 Lim S, Shin H, Song JH, et al. Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1998-2007. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1323-1328.   DOI
35 Elte JW, Bussemaker JK, Haak A. The natural history of euthyroid multinodular goitre. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:186-190.   DOI
36 Oh JY, Sung YA, Lee HJ. Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels are associated with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid young women. Korean J Intern Med 2013;28:180-186.   DOI