Browse > Article

Antibiotic Resistance and Treatment Update of Community-Acquired Pneumonia  

Kim, Shin-Woo (Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine)
Publication Information
The Korean Journal of Medicine / v.81, no.6, 2011 , pp. 690-698 More about this Journal
Abstract
The emergence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae has issued in the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the clinical outcome did not match with penicillin resistance. Thus, recent (Jan/2008) change of penicillin breakpoints for nonmeningeal strain was done and this made prevalence of penicillin resistance under 5% worldwide. Macrolide resistance of S. pneumoniae in Korea is prevalent (70-80%). Thus, the Korean CAP guideline did not include macrolide monotherapy as empiric therapy. Fluoroquinolone resistance of pneumococcus is very low, however, concerning of the increase of resistance is present. Some new antibiotics for the multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae should be reserved for the future. Macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is reported in various regions in the world, however, data of the clinical significance is rare. Increased ${\beta}$-lactamase production of Haemophilus influenzae urges us to use ${\beta}-lactam/{\beta}-lactamase$ or 3rd generation cephalosporin if Haemophilus is pathogen. Pneumococcal vaccine usage is an effective way to prevent invasive diseases by S. pneumoniae (including resistant pathogen). The rate of pneumococcal vaccination in Korea is very low (0.8% in adult). Strategies to control resistance that include effective antimicrobial treatment, vaccination, infection control, appropriate policies and regulations, 'antibiotic stewardship' and education of appropriate antibiotic use, are greatly in need.
Keywords
Pneumonia; Bacterial drug resistance; Antibiotic treatment;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Mera R, Miller LA, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Serotype replacement and multiple resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. Microb Drug Resist 2008;14:101-107.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Song JH, Baek JY, Cheong HS, Chung DR, Peck KR, Ko KS. Changes of serotype and genotype in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a Korean hospital in 2007. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;63:271-278.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Rubin JL, McGarry LJ, Strutton DR, et al. Public health and economic impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in the United States. Vaccine 2010;28: 7634-7643.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Lim JW, Eom CS, Kim S, Ke S, Cho B. Pneumococcal vaccination rate among elderly in South Korea. J Korean Geriatr Soc 2010;14:18-24.   DOI
5 Cao B, Zhao CJ, Yin YD, et al. High prevalence of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates from adult and adolescent patients with respiratory tract infection in China. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:189-194.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Scott JA, Mwarumba S, Ngetsa C, et al. Progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance among invasive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from children admitted to a hospital in Kilifi, Kenya, from 1994 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:3021-3024.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Nakamura S, Yanagihara K, Seki M, et al. Clinical characteristics of pneumonia caused by beta-lactamase negative ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae (BLNAR). Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:521-524.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Kim IS, Ki CS, Kim S, et al. Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:453-460.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Bae S, Lee J, Kim E, Lee J, Yu J, Kang Y. Serotype distribution and beta-lactam resistance in Haemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with respiratory infections in Korea. J Microbiol 2010;48:84-88.   DOI
10 Bae S, Lee J, Lee J, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:65-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Nakamura S, Yanagihara K, Araki N, et al. Efficacy of clarithromycin against experimentally induced pneumonia caused by clarithromycin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:757-762.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Kang CI, Song JH, Oh WS, Ko KS, Chung DR, Peck KR. Clinical outcomes and risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:657-661.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Falguera M, Carratala J, Ruiz-Gonzalez A, et al. Risk factors and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacilli. Respirology 2009;14:105-111.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Ruiz LA, Gomez A, Jaca C, Martinez L, Gomez B, Zalacain R. Bacteraemic community-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria: incidence, clinical presentation and factors associated with severity during hospital stay. Infection 2010;38:453-458.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Leung E, Weil DE, Raviglione M, Nakatani H. The WHO policy package to combat antimicrobial resistance. Bull World Health Organ 2011;89:390-392.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Ong CW, Lye DC, Khoo KL, et al. Severe communityacquired Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia: an emerging highly lethal infectious disease in the Asia-Pacific. Respirology 2009;14:1200-1205.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Toyoshima M, Chida K, Suda T. Fulminant communityacquired pneumonia probably caused by Acinetobacter lwoffii. Respirology 2010;15:867-868.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Moreira Silva G, Morais L, Marques L, Senra V. Acinetobacter community-acquired pneumonia in a healthy child. Rev Port Pneumol 2011 Sep 28 [Epub]. http://dx.doi.org/1016/j.rppneu.2011.07.006.
19 Song JH, Jung KS, Kang MW, et al. Treatment guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia in Korea: an evidencebased approach to appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Infect Chemother 2009;41:133-153.   DOI
20 Jones RN, Jacobs MR, Sader HS. Evolving trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance: implications for therapy of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36:197-204.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1996;275:134-141.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(Suppl 2):S27-S72.   DOI
23 Cardinale F, Chironna M, Dumke R, et al. Macrolideresistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in paediatric pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2011;37:1522-1524.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Bebear C, Pereyre S, Peuchant O. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics. Future Microbiol 2011;6:423-431.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Morozumi M, Iwata S, Hasegawa K, et al. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:348-350.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Song JH, Lee NY, Ichiyama S, et al. Spread of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1206-1211.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Lee HJ, Park JY, Jang SH, Kim JH, Kim EC, Choi KW. High incidence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a university hospital in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:826-835.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Song JH, Jung SI, Ko KS, et al. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:2101-2107.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Hoban DJ, Doern GV, Fluit AC, Roussel-Delvallez M, Jones RN. Worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32(Suppl 2):S81-S93.   DOI
30 Baquero F. Pneumococcal resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics: a global geographic overview. Microb Drug Resist 1995;1: 115-120.   DOI
31 Jung SI, Kim NY, Son JS, et al. Changing trends in antimicrobial resistance among invasive pneumococcal pathogens in Asian countries: Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study. Infect Chemother 2004;36:1-10.
32 Cheong HJ, Hwang BY, Park CW, et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of infection by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from community and hospital. Korean J Infect Dis 2001;33:112-122.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Pallares R, Linares J, Vadillo M, et al. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Engl J Med 1995;333:474-480.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Song JH, Oh WS, Kang CI, et al. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31:107-114.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Pallares R, Capdevila O, Linares J, et al. The effect of cephalosporin resistance on mortality in adult patients with nonmeningeal systemic pneumococcal infections. Am J Med 2002;113:120-126.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C, et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:230-237.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Song JH, Jung SI, Ki HK, et al. Clinical outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant strains in asian countries: a study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1570-1578.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Hong JH, Lee HS, Jung SH, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia. Tuberc Respir Dis 2003;54:295-303.   DOI
39 Feldman C. Clinical relevance of antimicrobial resistance in the management of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia. J Lab Clin Med 2004;143:269-283.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Jacobs MR. Antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: trends and management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008;6:619-635.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Kim KH, Kim JE, Park SH, et al. Impact of revised penicillin breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae (CLSI M100-S18) on the penicillin susceptibility rate. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2010;13:68-72.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Shin JH, Jung HJ, Kim HR, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and molecular epidemiology of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae at five tertiary-care hospitals in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2625-2627.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effect of new susceptibility breakpoints on reporting of resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:152-154.
44 Jones RN, Mutnick AH, Varnam DJ. Impact of modified nonmeningeal Streptococcus pneumoniae interpretive criteria (NCCLS M100-S12) on the susceptibility patterns of five parenteral cephalosporins: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (1997 to 2001). J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:4332-4333.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Farrell DJ, Couturier C, Hryniewicz W. Distribution and antibacterial susceptibility of macrolide resistance genotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae: PROTEKT Year 5 (2003-2004). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31:245-249.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Song JH, Chang HH, Suh JY, et al. Macrolide resistance and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: a study of the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP). J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:457-463.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Kim SW. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in outpatient clinic. Korean J Med 2011;81:586-591.
48 Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009;64(Suppl 3):iii1-iii55.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Chen DK, McGeer A, de Azavedo JC, Low DE. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada: Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. N Engl J Med 1999;341:233-239.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Van Bambeke F, Reinert RR, Appelbaum PC, Tulkens PM, Peetermans WE. Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: current and future therapeutic options. Drugs 2007;67:2355-2382.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Lee GE, Cho YJ, Cho HM, et al. A case of miliary tuberculosis misdiagnosed as pneumonia and ARDS due to the transient improvement after intravenous injection of levofloxacin. Tuberc Respir Dis 2009;66:236-240.   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Jacobs MR, Koornhof HJ, Robins-Browne RM, et al. Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1978;299:735-740.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Jacobs MR. Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology and patterns of resistance. Am J Med 2004;117(Suppl 3A):S3-S15.   DOI
54 Blasi F, Farrell DJ, Dubreuil L. Antibacterial activity of telithromycin and comparators against pathogens isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: the Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin Study year 5 (2003-2004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;63: 302-308.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Fogarty CM, Kohno S, Buchanan P, Aubier M, Baz M. Community-acquired respiratory tract infections caused by resistant pneumococci: clinical and bacteriological efficacy of the ketolide telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:947-955.   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Clay KD, Hanson JS, Pope SD, Rissmiller RW, Purdum PP 3rd, Banks PM. Brief communication: severe hepatotoxicity of telithromycin: three case reports and literature review. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:415-420.   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Ge Y, Biek D, Talbot GH, Sahm DF. In vitro profiling of ceftaroline against a collection of recent bacterial clinical isolates from across the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3398-3407.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Bergallo C, Jasovich A, Teglia O, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous tigecycline in treatment of communityacquired pneumonia: results from a double-blind randomized phase 3 comparison study with levofloxacin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;63:52-61.   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Fenoll A, Aguilar L, Robledo O, et al. In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:4209-4210.   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Croisier-Bertin D, Piroth L, Charles PE, et al. Ceftaroline versus ceftriaxone in a highly penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia rabbit model using simulated human dosing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3557-3563.   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Dartois N, Castaing N, Gandjini H, Cooper A; Tigecycline 313 Study Group. Tigecycline versus levofloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: European experience. J Chemother 2008;20(Suppl 1):S28-S35.   DOI
62 Tanaseanu C, Milutinovic S, Calistru PI, et al. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline versus levofloxacin for communityacquired pneumonia. BMC Pulm Med 2009;9:44.   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Song JH, Joo EJ. The crisis of antimicrobial resistance: current status and future strategies. J Korean Med Assoc 2010;53:999-1005.   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, et al. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study. Lancet 2006;368:1495-1502.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2010;201:32-41.   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Invasive pneumococcal disease in children 5 years after conjugate vaccine introduction: eight states, 1998-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:144-148.