Browse > Article

Clinical Course in Patients with an Intentional Amlodipine Overdose  

Jeon, Young-Woo (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Kim, Jae-Yun (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Park, Jae-Seok (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Park, Jae-Man (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Gil, Hyo-Wook (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Yang, Jong-Oh (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Lee, Eun-Young (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Hong, Sae-Yong (Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
The Korean Journal of Medicine / v.81, no.2, 2011 , pp. 208-214 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background/Aims: Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are anti-hypertensive medications that are used worldwide. CCB overdose has increased in proportion to the use of these drugs. Although amlodipine is the most widely used CCB, many physicians are not familiar with amlodipine overdose. We report the clinical outcome in patients with an intentional amlodipine overdose. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients who visited Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital with an amlodipine overdose from January 2002 through December 2010. We recorded the initial vital signs, blood chemistry, electrocardiography, and estimated amount of amlodipine ingested. Results: Nine patients were enrolled, of whom two patients died. Both patients who died had ingested more than 200 mg/$m^{2}$ of amlodipine, while all of the patients who ingested less than 200 mg/$m^{2}$ of amlodipine survived. Three patients had blood sugar levels exceeding 200 mg/dL and two of these died despite high-dose insulin therapy in combination with glucose infusion (hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy). Although three patients also took a glimepiride overdose, none had hypoglycemia. The amount of amlodipine ingested relative to the body surfaced area (BSA) was 197.1 ${\pm}$ 92.3 mg/$m^{2}$ in patients with an abnormal ECG and 58.5 ${\pm}$ 27.1 mg/$m^{2}$ in patients with a normal ECG. Conclusions: Amlodipine overdose can induce hyperglycemia, resulting in lethal cardiogenic shock owing to the decreased calcium influx, inappropriate energy production, and weakened inotropic effect. Therefore, amlodipine-induced hyperglycemia indicates a poor prognosis.
Keywords
Amlodipine; Overdose; Hyperglycemia;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1447-1457.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC Jr, et al. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poision Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:353-421.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Darnis F, Poupon R. Pharmacokinetics and safety of single oral doses of amlodipine in patients with and without hepatic impairment: an open study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1993;13:29-33.
4 Park JH, Kim SJ, Cho NS. A case report of treatment of renal insufficiency and toxic hepatitis caused by amlodipine intoxication. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 2006;17:273-276.
5 Poggenborg RP, Videbaek L, Jacobsen IA. A case of amlodipine overdose. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;99:209-212.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Na HS, Ann HS, Ha TH, et al. Two cases of severe hyperglycemia aftre overdose of amlodipine. Korean J Nephrol 2005;24:856-859.
7 Salhanick SD, Shannon MW. Management of calcium channel antagonist overdose. Drug Saf 2003;26:65-79.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Proano L, Chiang WK, Wang RY. Calcium channel blocker overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:444-450.
9 Rasmussen H. The calcium messenger system (1). N Engl J Med 1986;314:1094-1101.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Katz AM, Hager WD, Messineo FC, Pappano AJ. Cellular actions and pharmacology of calcium-channel blockers. Am J Emerg Med 1985;3(6 Suppl):S1-S9.
11 Katz AM. Cardiac ion channels. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1244-1251.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Yuan TH, Kerns WP 2nd, Tomaszewski CA, Ford MD, Kline JA. Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37:463-474.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Kline JA, Raymond RM, Leonova ED, Williams TC, Watts JA. Insulin improves heart function and metabolism during non-ischemic cardiogenic shock in awake canines. Cardiovasc Res 1997;34:289-298.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Kerns W 2nd, Kline J, Ford MD. Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994;12:365-390.
15 Shepherd G, Klein-Schwartz W. High-dose Insulin therapy for calcium-channel blocker overdose. Ann of Pharmacother 2005;39:923-930.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Bailey B. Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41:595-602.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Boyer EW, Shannon M. Treatment of calcium-channel blocker intoxication with insulin infusion. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1721-1722.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A. Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002;18:36-37.   DOI   ScienceOn