Browse > Article

3 Dimensional Changes of Bedrock Surface with Physical Modelling of Abrasion  

Kim, Jong-Yeon (Planning and Management Office, Presidential Commission on Sustainable Development, Republic of Korea)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Geographical Society / v.42, no.4, 2007 , pp. 506-525 More about this Journal
Abstract
Incision into bedrock channel is the primary control of landform evolution, but research into bedrock incision process stagnated for long time. Due to the scaling problem of the application of results from flume studies to bedrock channel, there is a strong need to simulate the bedrock incision process with more realistic models. As a part of investigation into controls of bedrock channel incision, three-dimensional changes of rock surface with abrasion was investigated with physical modelling. 18 rock plates were abraded with various sediment particle size and sediment load and abraded surfaces of the plates were scanned with high resolution 3-D scanner. To identify the spatial pattern of erosion of the rock plates, various methods were used. There was no synthetic or holistic method that showed all features of bedrock plate produced by abrasion, so each plate was analyzed using some available methods. Contour maps, shaded relief maps and profiles show that abrasion concentrated on the centre of plate (cross profile) and upstream and downstream edges (longitudinal profile) and eroded area extended inwards. It also found that the cracks and boundaries of forming materials easily eroded than other parts. Changing patterns of surface roughness were investigated with profiles, regression analysis and spectral analysis. Majority of plates showed decrease in small-scale roughness, but it depends on microstructures of the plates rather than general hardness or other factors. SEM inspection results supported this idea.
Keywords
abrasion; bedrock river; microstructure; physical modelling; 3D scanning;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 British Standard, 1998, Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates Part 2: Method for the Determination of Resistance to Fragmentation: BS EN 1097-2:1998
2 Dong, W.P. and Stout, K.J., 1995, An integrated approach to the characterization of surface wear 1: qualitative characterization, Wear, 181-183, 700-716
3 Foley, M.G., 1980, Bedrock incision by streams, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91 (part2), 2189-2213   DOI
4 Hjulstrom, F., 1935, Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated by the River Fyris, Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, 25, 221-528
5 Hussainova, I., Kubarsepp, J., and Pirso, J., 2001, Mechanical properties and features of erosion of cermets, Wear, 250, 818-825   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Keckler, D., 1997, Surfer for Windows: Version 6 User's Guide, Golden Software, Golden, Colorado
7 Mulla, D.J., 1988, Using geostatistics and spectral analysis to study spatial patterns in the topography of Southeastern Washington state, U.S.A., Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 13, 389-405   DOI
8 Patton, S.T. and Bhushan, B., 1996, Micromechanical and tribological characterization of alternate pole tip materials for magnetic recording heads, Wear, 202, 99-109   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Richardson, K. and Carling, P.A., 2005, A Topology of Sculpted Forms in Open Bedrock Channels, American Society of America Special Paper, 392, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado
10 Bhushan, B., Gupta, B.K., and Azarian, M.H., 1995, Nanoindentation, microscratch, friction and wear studies of coatings for contact recording applications, Wear, 181-183, 743-758
11 Gerrard, A.J., 1988, Rocks and Landforms, Unwin Hyman, London
12 Gahlin, R., Larker, R., and Jacobson, S., 1998, Wear volume and wear distribution and wear distribution of hydraulic motor cam rollers studied by a novel atomic microscope technique, Wear, 220, 1-8   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Kuenen, Ph H., 1947, Water-faceted boulders, American Journal of Science, 245, 779-783   DOI
14 Robert, A. and Richards, K.S., 1988, On the modelling of sand bedforms using the semivariogram, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 13, 459-473   DOI
15 Henning, C. and Mewea, D., 1995, Measuring the deformation of crystalline materials due to the impact of eroding particles, Wear, 181-183, 790- 798
16 Jenkins, G.M. and Watts, D.G., 1968, Spectral Analysis and Its Applications, Holden-Day, San Francisco
17 Percival, D.B. and Walden, A.T., 1993, Spectral Analysis for Physical Applications: Multitaper and Conventional Univariate Techniques, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
18 Skopp, A., Woydt, M., and Habig, K.H., 1995, Tribological behaviour of silicon nitride materials under unlubricated sliding between 22C and 1000C, Wear, 181-183, 571-580
19 Thompson, D. and Wohl, E.E., 1998, Flume experimentation and simulation of bedrock channel processes, in Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.(eds.), Rivers over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, American Geophysical Union, Washington, 279-296
20 Chae, B.G., Ichikawa, Y., Jeong, G.C., Seo, Y.S., and Kim, B.C., 2004, Roughness measurement of rock discontinuities using a confocal laser scanning microscope and the Fourier spectral analysis, Engineering Geology, 72,181-199   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Young, R.W., 1985, Waterfalls: form and process, in Bremmer, H.(ed.), Fluvial Geomorphology, Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie Supplementband, 55, 81-95
22 Huq, M,Z, and Celis, J.P., 2002, Expressing wear rate in sliding contacts based on dissipated energy, Wear, 252, 375-383   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Nagihara, S., Mulligan, K.R., and Xiong, W., 2004, Use of a three-dimensional laser scanner to digitally capture the topography of sand dunes in high spatial resolution, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29, 391-398   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Hancock, G.S., Anderson, R.S., and Whipple, K.X., 1998, Beyond power: Bedrock river incision process and form. in Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.(eds.), Rivers over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, American Geophysical Union, Washington, 35-60
25 Bryan, K., 1935, Processes of formation of pediments at Granite Gap, New Mexico, Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, 9, 125-135
26 Gilbert, G.K., 1877, Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains, Department of Interior, Washington
27 Jain, S.C. and Kennedy, J.F., 1974, The spectral evolution of sedimentary bed forms, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 63, 301-314   DOI
28 Shepherd, R.G. and Schumm, S.A., 1974, Experimental study of river incision, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 257-268   DOI
29 Kim, J.Y., 2004, Controls over Bedrock Channel Incision, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Glasgow
30 Lee, A.G.G. and Rutter, E.H., 2004, Experimental rockon- rock friction wear: Application to subglacial abrasion, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(B), doi:10.1029/2004JB003059
31 Allen, J.R.L., 1971, Transverse erosional marks of mud and rock: Their physical basis and geological significance, Sedimentary Geology, 5, 167-385   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Dogan, C.P. and Hawk, J.A., 1999, Role of composition and microstructure in the abrasive wear of highalumina ceramics, Wear, 225-229, 1050-1058
33 Cho, Y-J, Koo, Y-P, and Jeon, J-H., 2002, Surface profile estimation by digital filtering for wear volume calculation. Wear, 252, 173-178   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Gregory, H.E., 1915, Note on the shape of pebbles, American Journal of Science, 39, 300-304   DOI
35 Wang, W. and Scholz, C.H., 1994, Wear processes during frictional sliding of rock: A theoretical and experimental study, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(B), 6789-6799   DOI
36 Anamalay, R.V., Kirk, T.B., and Panzera, D., 1995, Numerical descriptors for the analysis of wear surface using laser scanning confocal microscopy, Wear, 181, 771-776
37 Dogan, C.P. and Hawk, J.A., 2001, Microstructure and abrasive wear in silicon nitride ceramics, Wear, 250, 256-263   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Johnston, K., ver Hoef, J.M., Krivoruchko, K., and Lucas, N., 2001, Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, ESRI, Redland, California
39 Alman, D.E., Hawk, J.A., Tylczak, J.H., Dogan, C.P., and Wilson, R.D., 2001, Wear of iron-aluminide intermetallic-based alloys and composites by hard particles, Wear, 252, 875-884
40 Sklar, L.S. and Dietrich, W.E., 2001, Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock, Geology, 29,1087-1090   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Kokelaar, B. P. and Moore, I.D., 2006, Classical Area of British Geology: Glen Coe Caldera Volcano, Scotland, British Geological Survey, Nottingham
42 Luguen, M., 1914, Le straige du lit fluvial, Annales de Geographie, 23-24, 385-393
43 Maxon, J.H., 1940, Fluting and faceting of rock fragments, Journal of Geology, 48, 717-751   DOI
44 Maxon, J.H. and Campbell, I., 1935, Stream fluting and stream erosion, Journal of Geology, 43, 729-744   DOI
45 Dogan, C.P. and Hawk, J.A., 1995, Effect of grain boundary glass composition and devitrification on the abrasive wear of Al2O3, Wear, 181-183, 129-137
46 Rosen, B.G., Ohlsson, R., and Thomas, T.R., 1996, Wear of cylinder bore microtopography, Wear, 198, 271-279   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Whipple, K.X., Anderson, R.S., and Hancock, G.S., 2000, River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 490-503   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Bitter, J.G.A., 1963, A study of erosion phenomena: Part 2, Wear, 6, 196-190
49 Oka,Y.I., Nishimura, M., Nagahashi, K., and Matsumura, M., 2001, Control and evaluation of particle conditions in a sand erosion test facility, Wear, 250, 736-743   DOI   ScienceOn