Browse > Article

Study on Image Distortions and Bit-rate Changes Induced by Watermark based-on $4{\times}4$ DCT of H.264/AVC  

Kim, Sung-Min (Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongguk University)
Won, Chee-Sun (Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongguk University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP / v.42, no.5, 2005 , pp. 115-122 More about this Journal
Abstract
There are some problems in directly applying the conventional MPEG bit-stream based watermarking schemes to the bit-stream of a new compression standard, H.264/AVC. In this paper we analyze the effects of the conventional DCT-based watermarking scheme to H.264/AVC, especially in terms of image distortions and bit-rate changes. It turns out that the intra-frame prediction md CAVLC of H.264/AVC with the watermarking worsen the image distortions and bit-rate changes. The experiment results show on average 28.17dB decrease in PSNR and 56.71% increase in bit-rate over all QPs.
Keywords
H.264/AVC; DCT domain watermark; bit-rate; PSNR;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 G. Qiu, P. Marziliano, A. T.S. Ho, 'A Hybrid Watermarking Scheme for H.264/AVC Video,' Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 23-26, August 2004   DOI
2 T. Wiegand, G. Sullivan, A. Luthra, 'Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,' IEEE Transaction on CSVT, Vol. 4, pp. 560-576, July 2003   DOI   ScienceOn
3 E. Richardson, 'H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compre- ssion,' John Wiley, 2003
4 T. Wiegand, 'Study of Final Committee Draft of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec, H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC),' pp. 197, December 2002
5 J.J. Chae, K. Khee Pang, 'Data Hiding in Video,' Proceedings of International Conference on Info-tech and Info-net, Vol. 2, pp. 791-796, November 2001
6 M. Alattar, 'Digital Watermarking of Low Bit-Rate Advanced Simple Profile MPEG-4 Compressed Video,' IEEE Transaction on CSVT, Vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 787-800, August 2003   DOI   ScienceOn
7 J. Y. Park, J. H. Lim, G. S. Kim, C. S. Won, 'Invertible Semi-fragile Watermarking Algorithm Distinguishing MPEG-2 Compression from Malicious Manipulation,' International Conference on Consumer Electronics, pp. 18-19, June 2002   DOI
8 D. Simitopoulos, N. V. Boulgouris, 'Compressed domain Video Watermarking of MPEG Streams,' IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol. 1, pp. 26-29, August 2002   DOI
9 F. Hartung, B. Girod, 'Digital Watermarking of MPEG-2 Coded Video in the Bit Stream Domain,' IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 4, pp. 21-24, April 1997   DOI