Browse > Article

A Study on the VLSI Design of Efficient Color Interpolation Technique Using Spatial Correlation for CCD/CMOS Image Sensor  

Lee, Won-Jae (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University)
Lee, Seong-Joo (Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Sejong University)
Kim, Jae-Seok (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University)
Publication Information
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a cost-effective color filter may (CFA) demosaicing method for digital still cameras in which a single CCD or CMOS image sensor is used. Since a CFA is adopted, we must interpolate missing color values in the red, green and blue channels at each pixel location. While most state-of-the-art algorithms invest a great deal of computational effort in the enhancement of the reconstructed image to overcome the color artifacts, we focus on eliminating the color artifacts with low computational complexity. Using spatial correlation of the adjacent pixels, the edge-directional information of the neighbor pixels is used for determining the edge direction of the current pixel. We apply our method to the state-of-the-art algorithms which use edge-directed methods to interpolate the missing color channels. The experiment results show that the proposed method enhances the demosaiced image qualify from $0.09{\sim}0.47dB$ in PSNR depending on the basis algorithm by removing most of the color artifacts. The proposed method was implemented and verified successfully using verilog HDL and FPGA. It was synthesized to gate-level circuits using 0.25um CMOS standard cell library. The total logic gate count is 12K, and five line memories are used.
Keywords
Color filter array; Bayer pattern; VLSI;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 W. Lu, and Y. Tan, 'Color filter array demosaicing: New method and performance measeure,' IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1194-1210, Oct. 2003   DOI   ScienceOn
2 X. Li, 'Demosaicing by Successive Approximation, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 3, March 2005   DOI   ScienceOn
3 B. S. Hur and M. G. Kang, 'High definition color interpolation scheme for progressive scan CCD image sensor,' IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 179-186, Feb. 2001   DOI   ScienceOn
4 B. K. Gunturk, Y. Altunbasak and R. M. Mersereau, 'Color plane interpolation using alternating projections,' IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 11, no. 9, 2002   DOI   ScienceOn
5 R. Kimmel, 'Demosaicing: image reconstruction from CCD samples,' IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 8, pp. 1221-1228, 1999   DOI   ScienceOn
6 R. H. Hibbard, 'Apparatus and method for adaptively interpolating a full color image utilizing luminance gradients,' U.S. Patent 5,382,976, 1995
7 S. S. D. Alleysson and J. Herault, 'Color demosaicing by estimating luminance and opponent chromatic signals in the fourier domain,' Proc. IS&T/SID 10th Color Imaging Conference, pp. 331-336, 2002
8 J. E. Adams and J. F. Hamilton Jr., 'Adaptive color plane interpolation in single sensor color electronic camera' U.S. Patent 5,629,734
9 X. Li and M. T. Orchard, 'New edge directed interpolation,' IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 10, no. 10, 2001   DOI   ScienceOn
10 C. A. Laroche and M. A. Prescott, 'Apparatus and method for adaptively interpolating a full color image utilizing chrominance gradients,' U.S. Patent 5,373,322, 1994
11 J. E. Adams and J. F. Hamilton Jr., 'Adaptive color plane interpolation in single color electronic camera,' U.S. Patent 5 506 619, Apr. 1996
12 Adams, James E. 'Interactions between color plane interpolation and other image processing functions in electronic photography,' Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 2416 P.144-151   DOI
13 J. A. Weldy, 'Optimized design for a single-sensor color electronic camera system,' Proc. SPIE, vol. 1071, pp. 300-307, 1988
14 S.-C. Pei and I.-K. Tam, 'Effective color interpolation in CCD color filter arrays using signal correlation,' IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 503-513, June 2003   DOI   ScienceOn
15 R. Kakarala and Z. Baharav, 'Adaptive demosaicing with the principle vector method,' IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 48, pp. 932-937, Nov. 2002   DOI
16 Bayer, Bryce E. 'Color imaging array' U.S. Patent 3,971,065
17 Keys, Robert.G. et.al., 'Cubic Convolution Interpolation for Digital Image Processing' IEEE Transactions on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-29, P1153-1160, 1981   DOI
18 D.R. Cok, 'Signal processing method and apparatus for producing interpolated chrominance values in a sampled color image,' U.S. patent 4,642,768