Browse > Article

A Robust Watermarking Technique Using Affine Transform and Cross-Reference Points  

Lee, Hang-Chan (한성대학 멀티미디어 공학과)
Publication Information
The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers / v.56, no.3, 2007 , pp. 615-622 More about this Journal
Abstract
In general, Harris detector is commonly used for finding salient points in watermarking systems using feature points. Harris detector is a kind of combined comer and edge detector which is based on neighboring image data distribution, therefore it has some limitation to find accurate salient points after watermark embedding or any kinds of digital attacks. In this paper, we have used cross reference points which use not data distribution but geometrical structure of a normalized image in order to avoid pointing error caused by the distortion of image data. After normalization, we find cross reference points and take inverse normalization of these points. Next, we construct a group of triangles using tessellation with inversely normalized cross reference points. The watermarks are affine transformed and transformed-watermarks are embedded into not normalized image but original one. Only locations of watermarks are determined on the normalized image. Therefore, we can reduce data loss of watermark which is caused by inverse normalization. As a result, we can detect watermarks with high correlation after several digital attacks.
Keywords
Watermark; Cross-reference Points; Affine Transform;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 1
연도 인용수 순위
1 S. Bhattacharjee and M. Kutter,'Compression tolerant image authentication', IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, PP. 435-349, 1998
2 C. Y. Lin and M. Wu et al., 'Rotation, Scale and translation resilient public Watermarking for images,' In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3971, 2000
3 S. Pereira, J.K. Oruanaidh and F. Deguillaume, 'Template based recovery of Fourier-based watermarks using log polar and log-log maps,' IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, vol. 1, pp.870-874, 1999
4 P. Bas, J-M. Chassery and B. Macq, 'Robust Water-marking based on the warping of pre-defined triangular patterns', In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3971, 2000
5 William B. P. and John L. M, 'JPEG Still Image Compression Standard ch 4',Van Nostrand, New York, 1993
6 P. Bas, J-M. Chassery, and B.Macq,'Geometrically Invariant Watermarking Using Feature Points', IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 11, PP. 1014-1028, 2002   DOI   ScienceOn
7 H.C. Lee, 'A Watermark Embedding Technique for Still Images Using Cross Reference Points',The Transactions on KIEE, Vol.55D, No.4, pp 165-172, Apr., 2006   과학기술학회마을
8 Aurenhammer, F. and Klein R., 'Voronoi Diagrams,' Ch. 5 in Handbook of Computational Geometry, Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, pp.201-290, 2000
9 Alasdair M. A., 'Ch 8, Image Restoration', Introduction to Digital Image Processing, Thomson Course Tech., 2004
10 B. Geoffrey. Photographic products and methods employing embedded information. Technical Report US patent 5,822,436, Digimarc Corporation, Lake Oswego, April 1996
11 P.Bas, J-M. Chassery and F. Davoine,' A Geometrical Frequential WatermarkingScheme Using Similarities', Part of the IS&T/SPIE Conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, SPIE Vol. 3657, pp 264- 272, San Jose, California, Jan. 1999
12 M. Alghoniemy and A. H. Tewfik, 'Image watermarking by moment invariants', IEEE International conference on Image Processings Vol. 2, pp. 73-76, Jan. 2001
13 A. Nikolaidis and I. Pitas, 'Robust watermarking of facial images based on salient geometric pattern matching', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.2, no.3, Sept. 2000
14 Bum-Soo Kim, Jae-Gark Choi, and Kil-Houm Park, 'Image Normalization Using Invariant Centroid for RST Invariant Digital Image Watermarking', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2613, pp. 202-211, 2003
15 Guibas, L. and Stolfi, J., 'Primitives for the Manipulation of General Subdivisions and the Computation of Voronoi Diagrams' ACT TOG, 4(2), April, 1985
16 C. Harris and M. Stephens, 'A Combined Corner and Edge Detector', in 4th Alvey Vision Conf. pp.147-151, 1988
17 M. Gruber and K.Y. Hsu, 'Moment-based image normalization with high noise-tolerance,' IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no.2, February, 1997
18 M. Alghoniemy and A. H. Twfik, 'Geometric Distortion Correction through image Normalization', IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol.3, pp.1291-1294, 2000