Browse > Article

Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) Process in Water Treatment  

Son, Hee-Jong (Water Quality Institute, Busan Water Authority)
Yoo, Soo-Jeon (Water Quality Institute, Busan Water Authority)
Roh, Jae-Soon (Water Quality Institute, Busan Water Authority)
Yoo, Pyong-Jong (Water Quality Institute, Busan Water Authority)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers / v.31, no.4, 2009 , pp. 308-323 More about this Journal
Abstract
This review paper serves to describe the composition and activity of biological activated carbon (BAC) biofilm which is considered as a progressive process for water treatment. As well as several physical-chemical, biochemical and microbiological analysis methods for characterizing the composition and activity of BAC biofilm, the ability of the biofilm to remove and biodegrade organic matters and pollutants related to other water treatment processes such as pre-ozonation will be reviewed. In this paper, conversion of GAC into BAC, removal mechanism of pollutants, characteristics and affecting factors of BAC biofilm, and modeling of BAC are described in detail. In addition, strategies to control the growth of the BAC biofilm, such as varying the nutrient loading rate, altering the frequency of BAC filter backwashing and applying oxidative disinfection, will be dwelled on related to their respective process control challenges.
Keywords
Biological Activated Carbon; Water Treatment; Biofilm; Activity; Biomass; Affecting Factors;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 8  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Prescott, L., Harley, J., and Kelin, D., Microbiology, 4th Ed, CB/McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 157-180(1999)
2 Jacangelo, J. G., DeMarco, J., Owen, D. M., and Randtke, S. J., “Selecting processes for removing NOM,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 87(1), 64-77(1995)   ScienceOn
3 Dussert, B. and Van Stone, G., “The biological activated carbon process for water purification,” Water Eng. Manage., 141(12), 22-24(1994)   ScienceOn
4 Hubele, C., “Design of fixed bed adsorbers using mathematical models,” Water Supply, 4, 197(1986)   ScienceOn
5 Graham, N., “Removal of humic substances by oxidation/biofiltration processes-a review,” Water Sci. Technol., 40(9), 141-148(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Kim, W., Nishijima, W., Shoto, E., and Okada, M., “Competitive removal of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in ozonation-biological activated carbon,” Water Sci. Technol., 35, 147-153(1997)
7 손희종, 최근주, 김상구, “활성탄 공정과 생물여과 공정 에서의 자연유기물질 제거특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 29(2), 205-213(2007)   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
8 Wang, J. Z., Summers, R. S., and Miltner, R. J., “Biofiltration performance: part 1, relationship to biomass,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 87(12), 55-63(1995)   DOI
9 Sontheimer, H. and Hubele, C., “The use of ozone and granular activated carbon in drinking water treatment,” Huck, P. M. and Toft, P.(Eds.), In Treatment of Drinking Water Organic Contaminants, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 7-8(1987)
10 Goodwin, J. and Forster, F., “A further examination into the composition of activated sludge surfaces in relation to their settlement characteristics,” Water Res., 19, 527-533(1985)   DOI   ScienceOn
11 손희종, 박홍기, 이수애, 정은영, 정철우, “생물활성탄 공정에서 활성탄 재질에 따른 부착미생물 군집특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 27(12), 1311-1320(2005)   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
12 de Beer, D. and Stoodley, P., “Relation between the structure of anaerobic biofilm and transport phenomena,” Water Sci. Technol., 32, 11-18(1995)
13 Bryers, J. and Characklis, W., “Early fouling biofilm formation in a turbulent flow system: overall kinetics,” Water Res., 15, 483-491(1981)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Findlay, R. H., King, G. M., and Watling, L., “Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55(11), 2888-2893(1989)   PUBMED
15 Jorgensen, P., Eriksen, T., and Jensen, B., “Estimation of viable biomass in wastewater and activated sludge by determination of ATP, oxygen utilization rate and FDA hydrolysis,” Water Res., 26, 1495-1501(1992)   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Gibride, K. A., Lee, D. Y. and Beaudette, L. A., “Molecular techniques in wastewater: understanding microbial communities, detecting pathogens, and real-time process control,” J. Microbiol. Methods, 66, 1-20(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Melin, E., Eikebrokk, B., Brugger, M., and Odegaard, H., “Treatment of humic surface water at cold temperatures by ozonation and biofiltration,” Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 2(5-6), 451-457(2002)   ScienceOn
18 Nouvion, N., Block, J., and Faup, G., “Effect of biomass quantity and activity on TOC removal in a fixedbed reactor,” Water Res., 21(1), 35-40(1987)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Lazarova, V., Pierzo, V., Fontvielle, D., and Manem, J., “Integrated approach for biofilm characterization and biomass activity control,” Water Sci. Technol., 29(7), 345-354(1994)   ScienceOn
20 Zinbei, S. and Henrietle, C., “Identification and characterization of bacterial activities involved in wastewater treatment by aerobic fixed bed reactor,” Water Res., 28(12), 2575-2582(1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Carlson, G. and Silverstein, J., “Effect of ozonation on sorption of natural organic matter by biofilm,” Water Res., 31(10), 2467-2478(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Sontheimer, H., Crittenden, J., and Summer, R., Activated Carbon Adsorption for Water Treatment, American Water Works Association-DVGW Forschungsstelle Engler Bunte Institute, Karlsruhe(1988)
23 Speitel Jr, G. E., Turakhia, M. H., and Lu, C. J., “Initiation of micropollutant biodegradation in virgin GAC columns,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(4), 168-176(1989)   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Aktas, O. and Cecen, F., “Bioregeneration of activated carbon: a review,” Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 59(4), 257-272(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Klimenko, N., Marutovsky, R., Pidlisnyuk, V., Neyinnaya, L., Smolin, S., Kohlmann, J., and Radeke, K., “Biosorption processes for natural and wastewater treatment-part 1,” Eng. Life Sci., 2(10), 317-324(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Olmstead, K. P. and Weber, W. J., “Interactions between microorganisms activated carbon in water and waste treatment operations,” Chem. Eng. Communic., 108, 113-125(1991)   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Madoni, P., Davoli, D., Fontani, N., Cucci, A., Pedroni, M., and Rossi, F., “Spatial distribution of microorganisms and measurements of oxygen uptake rate and ammonia uptake rate activity in a drinking water biofilter,” Environ. Technol., 22, 455-465(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Ternes, T. A., Meisenheimer, M., McDowell, D., Sacher, F., Brauch, H. J., Gulde, B. H., Preuss, G., Wilme, U., and Seibert, N. Z., “Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3855-3863(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
29 손희종, 황영도, 유평종, “생물활성탄 공정에서 tetracycline, xytetracycline, trimethoprime 및 caffeine 제거특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 31(2), (2009)
30 Grabi$\acute{n}$ska-Loniewska, A., Perchu$\acute{c}$, M., and Korni${\l}$owicz-Kowalska, T., “Biocenosis of BACFs used for groundwater treatment,” Water Res., 38, 1695-1706(2004)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
31 Carlson, K. H. and Amy, G. L., “The relative importance of HLR and EBCT in biofiltration,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., WQTC, New Orleans(1995)
32 Nishijima, W., Shoto, E., and Okada, M., “Improvement of biodegradation of organic substances by addition of phosphorus in biological activated carbon,” Water Sci. Technol., 36(12), 251-257(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Westerhoff, P., debroux, J., Aiken, G., and Amy, G., “Ozone-induced changes in natural organic matter (NOM) structure,” Ozone Sci. Eng., 21, 551-570(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
34 DeWaters, J. E. and DiGiano, F. A., “The influence of ozonated natural organic matter on the biodegradation of a micropollutant in a GAC bed,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82(8), 69(1990)   DOI
35 Klevens, C. M., Collins, M. R., Negm, R., and Farrar, M. F., “Characterization of NOM removal by biological activated carbon,” In Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, Gimbel, N. J., Graham, D., and Collins, M. R., Eds., IWA Publishing, London, pp. 79-87(1996)
36 Wang, J. Z. and Summers, R. S., “Modeling of biofiltration of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment,” In Proceedings of ASCE Environmental Engineering Conference, Boulder(1994)
37 Carlson, K. H. and Amy, G., “The formation of filterremovable biodegradable organic matter during ozonation,” Ozone Sci. Eng., 19(2), 179-199(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Zhang, S. and Huck, P. M., “Biological water treatment: a kinetic modeling approach,” Water Res., 30(5), 1195(1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Pr$\acute{e}$vost, M., Niquette, P., Maclean, R. G., Thibault, D., Lafrance, P., and Desjardins, R., “Removal of various biodegradable organic compounds by first and second stage filtration,” In Proceedings of 12th Ozone World Congress, Zurich, Switzerland, International Ozone Association(1991)
40 Koffskey, W. and Lykins, B., “Disinfection/disinfectant by-product optimisation with ozone, biological filtration and chloramines,” J. Water SRT-Aqua, 48(3), 92-105 (1999)   DOI
41 Lehtola, M. J., Miettinen, I. T., Vartiainen, T., and Martikainen, P. J., “Changes in content of microbially available phosphorus, assimilable organic carbon and microbial growth potential during drinking water treatment processes,” Water Res., 36(15), 3681-3690(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Simpson, D. R., “Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification,” Water Res., 42, 2839∼2848 (2008)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
43 Lehtola, M. J., Miettinen, I. T., and Martikainen, P. J., “Biofilm formation in drinking water affected by low concentrations of phosphorus,” Can. J. Microbiol., 48, 494-499(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Rice, R. and Robson, M., Biological Activated Carbon- Enhanced Aerobic Biological Activity in GAC System, Ann Arbor Science Publ., Ann Arbor, MI. USA.(1982)
45 Kim, W., Nishijima, W., Shoto, E., and Okada, M., “Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment,” Water Sci. Technol., 35(8), 21-28(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Bundermann, G., “30 years of RWW's practical experience with an advanced microbiological water treatment system for Ruhr river water,” In Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, Gimbel, N. J., Graham, D., and Collins, M. R., Eds., IWA Publishing, London, pp. 30-38(1996)
47 Vahala, R., Moramarco, V., Niemi, R. M., Rintala, J., and Laukkanen, R., “The effects of nutrients on natural organic matter(NOM) removal in biological activated carbon(BAC) filtration,” Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol., 26(3), 196-199(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Ahmad, R., Amirtharajah, A., Al-Shawwa, A., and Huck, P. M., “Effects of backwashing on biological filters,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(12), 62-73(1998)
49 Lehman, R. M. and O'Connell, S. P., “Comparison of extracellular enzyme activities and community composition of attached and free-living bacteria in porous medium column,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(4), 1569-1575(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Fonseca, A. C., Summers, R. S., Hernandez, M. T., “Comparing measurements of microbial activity in drinking water biofilters,” Water Res., 35(16), 3817-3824(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Uhl, W., “Modeling bioreactors for drinking water treatment,” Presentation of slide at International Workshop Modeling, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, June 22-23(2006)
52 Scholz, M. and Martin, R., “Ecological equilibrium on biological active carbon,” Water Res., 31(12), 2959∼2968(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Boley, A., Unger, B., Muller, W. R., Kuck, B., and Deger, A., “Biological drinking water treatment for nitrate and pesticide (endosulfan) elimination,” Water Sci. & Technol: Water Suppl., 6(3), 123-127(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Push, A., Losh, D., and Speitel Jr, G. E., “Removal of non-biodegradable chemicals from mixture during granular activated carbon bioregeneration,” J. Environ. Eng., 131(2), 196-205(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
55 de Beer, D., Stoodley, P., and Lewandowski, Z., “Measurements of local diffusion coefficients in biofilms by microinjection and confocal microscopy,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 53, 151-158(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Dugan, N. R., Evaluation and modeling of the influences of ozonation and pH on the biological utilization of NOM, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH., PhD thesis(1998)
57 Carlson, K. H., Amy, G. L., Garside, J., and Blais, G., “Ozone induced biodegradation and removal of NOM and ozonation by-products in biological filters,” In Alternative Biological Filtration, Collins M. R. and Graham N. J. D.(eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York(1996)
58 Huck, P. M., Zhang, S., and Price, M. L., 'BOM removal during biological treatment: a first-order model,' J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 86(6), 61(1994)
59 Lehtola, M. J., Miettinen, I. T., Vartiainen, T., Myllykangas, T., and Martikainen, P. J., “Microbially available organic carbon, phosphorus and microbial growth in ozonated drinking water,” Water Res., 35(7), 1635-1640(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Hand, D. W., Crittenden, J. C., and Thacker, W. E., “User-oriented solutions to the homogeneous surface diffusion model for adsorption process design calculations: part 1 batch reactor solutions,” 54th Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Detroit, Michigan(1982)
61 Babi, K., Koumenides, K., Nikolaou, A., Makri, C., Tzoumerkas, F., and Lekkas, T., “Pilot study of the removal of THMs, HAAs and DOC from drinking water by GAC adsorption,” Desalination, 210(1-3), 215-225 (2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
62 DiGiano, F. A. and Harrington, G. W., “Adsorption equilibria of natural organic matter after ozonation,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(6), 93-101(1989)   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Fry, J. C., “Determination of biomass,” Austin, B.(Ed.), In Methods in Aquatic Bacteriology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chichester, pp. 27-72(1988)
64 H$\ddot{o}$rsch, P., Gorenflo, A., Fuder, C., Deleage, A., and Frimmel, F. H., “Biofouling of ultra- and nanofiltration membranes for drinking water treatment characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),” Desalination, 172, 41-52(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Carlson, M., Heffernan, K., Ziesemer, C., and Snyder, E., “Comparing two GACs for adsorption and biostabilization,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 86(3), 91-102(1994)   ScienceOn
66 Xia, Q., Chen, W., and Zheng, X., “Modeling of NOMremoval in drinking water biofilters,” In Proceedings of IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition 2008, Vienna, Austria(2008)
67 Nishijima, W., Tojo, M., Okada, M., and Murakami, A., “Biodegradation of organic substances by biological activated carbon-stimulation of bacterial activity on granular activated carbon,” Water Sci. Technol., 26(12), 251-257(1992)   DOI
68 Moll, D. M., Summers, R. S., Fonseca, A. C., and Matheis, W., “Impact of temperature on drinking water biofilter performance and microbial community structure,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(14), 2377-2382(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Bihan, Y. and Lessard, P., “Influence of operational variables on enzymatic tests applied to monitor the microbial biomass activity of a biofilter,” Water Sci. Technol., 37(4-5), 199-202(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Namkung, E. and Rittmann, B. E., “Soluble microbial products(SMP) formation kinetics by biofilms,” Water Res., 20(6), 795-806(1986)   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Hozalski, R. M. and Bouwer, E. J., “Deposition and retention of bacteria in backwashed filters,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(1), 71-85(1998)
72 Horan, N. and Eccles, C., “Purification and characterization of extracellular polysaccharide from activated sludges,” Water Res., 20, 1427-1432(1986)   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Dorigo, U., Volatier, L. and Humbert, J.F., “Molecular approaches to the assessment of biodiversity in aquatic microbial communities,” Water Res., 39, 2207-2218(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Randtke, S., “Organic contaminant removal by coagulation and related process combinations,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(5), 40-56(1988)
75 Hozalski, R. M. and Bouwer, E. J., “Non-steady state simulation of BOM removal in drinking water biofilters: model development,” Water Res., 35(1), 198-210 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
76 손희종, 노재순, 김상구, 강임석, 이용두, “오존처리에 의한 천연유기물질 변화 및 소독부산물 전구물질 제어,” 대한환경공학회지, 27(10), 1099-1107(2005)   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
77 Janssens, J. G., Meheus, J., and Dirickx, J., “Ozone enhanced biological activated carbon filtration and its effect on organic matter removal, and in particular on AOC reduction,” Water Sci. Technol., 37, 1055-1068 (1984)
78 Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York(1991)
79 Camper, A., LeChevallier, M., Broadaway, S., and Mc-Feters, G., “Bacteria associated with granular activated carbon particles in drinking water,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52(3), 434-438(1986)   PUBMED
80 Brown, J., Anderson, R., Min, J., Boulos, L., Prasifka, D., and Judy, G., “Fixed-bed biological treatment of perchlorate-contaminated drinking water,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 97(9), 70-81(2005)   DOI
81 Stewart, P., “Diffusion in biofilms,” J. Bacteriol., 185(5), 1485-1491(2003)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
82 LeChevallier, M. W., Becker, W. C., Schorr, P., and Lee, R. G., “Evaluating the performance of biologically active rapid sand filters,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 84(4), 136(1992)   DOI
83 Noguera, D. R., Araki, N., and Rittmann, B. E., “Soluble microbial products(SMP) in anaerobic chemostats,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44, 1040-1051(1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
84 Servais, P., Billen, G., Ventresque, C., and Bablon, G., “Microbial activity in GAC filters at the Choisy-le-Roy treatment plant,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(2), 62-68(1991)   ScienceOn
85 Rittmann, B. E. and Snoeyink, V. L., “Achieving biologically stable drinking water,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76(10), 106(1984)   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Saiki, Y., Katami, A., and Kitagawa, Y., “Factual analysis of granule flotation in brewery wastewater treatment plants by the fluorescence in situ hybridization hybridization method,” J. Biosci. Bioeng., 95(2), 188-191(2003)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
87 Dagostino, L., Goodman, A., and Marshall, K., “Physiological responses induced in bacteria adhering to surfaces,” Biofouling, 4, 113-119(1991)   DOI   ScienceOn
88 Bihan, Y., “Monitoring biofilter clogging: biochemical characteristics of the biomass,” Water Res., 34(17), 4284-4294(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
89 Bjelopavlic, M., Newcombe, G., and Hayes, R., “Adsorption of NOM onto activated carbon: effect of surface charge, ion strength and pore volume distribution,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 210, 271-280(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Atlas, R., “Enumeration and estimation of microbial biomass,” Burns, R. and Slater, J.(Eds.), In Experimental Microbial Ecology, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 84-101(1982)
91 Manem, J., Interactions between Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Bacteria in Fixed Film Biological Processes Used in Drinking Water Treatment, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois(1988)
92 손희종, 유수전, 유평종, 정철우, “BAC 공정에서 EBCT 와 수온에 따른 HAA 제거 특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 30(12), 1255-1261(2008)   ScienceOn
93 Ho, L., Meyn, T., Keegan, A., Hoefel, D., Brookes, J., Saint, C. P., and Newcombe, G., “Bacterial degradation of microcystin toxins within a biologically active sand filter,” Water Res., 40, 768-774(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
94 Van der Kooij, D., Visser, A., and Hijnen, W., “Determining the concentration of easily assimilable organic carbon in drinking water,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76(10), 540-545(1982)
95 Miltner, R. J., Summers, R. S., and Wang, J. Z., “Biofiltration performance: part 2, effect of backwashing,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 87(12), 64-70(1995)
96 Rittmann, B. E. and McCarty, P. L., “Model of steadystate biofilm kinetics,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 22, 2343-2357(1980)   DOI
97 Maloney, S. W., Bancroft, K., Pipes, W. O., and Suffet, L. H., “Bacterial TOC removal on sand and GAC,” J. Environ. Eng., 110, 519-533(1984)   DOI   ScienceOn
98 Okabe, S., Kokazi, T., and Watanabe, Y., “Biofilm formation potentials in drinking waters treated by different advanced treatment processes,” Water Sci. Technol: Water Suppl., 2(4), 97-104(2002)   ScienceOn
99 Klimenko, N., Winter-Nielsen, M., Smolin, S., Nevynna, L., and Sydorenko, J., “Role of the physicochemical factors in the purification process of water from surface-active matter by biosorption,” Water Res., 36(20), 5132-5140(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
100 Shvetsov, V. and Morozova, K., “Biosorbers-perspective installations for deep purification of natural and waste waters,” Vodosnabzh. Sanit. Tekh., 1, 4-12(1998)
101 Bablon, G. P., Ventresque, C., and Ben Aim, R., “Developing a sand-GAC filter to achieve high-rate biological filtration,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(12), 47(1988)
102 Kim, K. and Logan, B., “Fixed-bed bioreactor treating perchlorate-contaminated waters,” Environ. Eng. Sci., 17(5), 257-265(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
103 Nerenberg, R., Rittmann, B. E., and Soucie, W. J., “Ozone/biofiltration for removing MIB and geosmin,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 92(12), 85-100(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
104 Sakoda, A., Wang, J., and Suzuki, M., “Microbial activity in biological active carbon bed by pulse responses,” Water Sci. Technol., 34(5-6), 213-222(1996)   DOI
105 Xie, Y., and Zhou, H., “Use of BAC for HAA removal-part 2, column study,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 94(5), 126-134(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
106 Chang, H. T. and Rittmann, B. E., “Mathematical modeling of biofilm on activated carbon,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 21(3), 273(1987)   DOI   ScienceOn
107 Walker, G. M. and Weatherley, L. R., “Bacterial regeneration in biological activated carbon systems,” Trans. IChemE., 76, 177-182(1998)   DOI
108 Carlson, K. H. and Amy, G., “Ozone and biofiltration optimization for multiple objectives,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 93(1), 88-98(2001)   ScienceOn
109 Ahmad, R. and Amirtharajah, A., “Detachment of biological and non-biological particles from biological filters during backwashing,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado(1995)
110 Schreiber, H., Schoenen, D., and Traunspurger, W., “Invertebrate colonization of granular activated carbon filters,” Water Res., 31, 743-748(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
111 Griffini, O., Bao, M. L., Barbieri, K., Burrini, D., Santianni, D., and Pantani, F., “Formation and removal of biodegradable ozonation by-products during ozonationbiofiltration treatment: pilot scale evaluation,” Ozone Sci. Eng., 21, 79-98(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
112 Ola$\acute{n}$czuk-Neyman, K. and Prejzner, J., “Application of biological processes for manganese elimination from groundwater,” Biotechnologia, 27, 154-163(1994)
113 Choi, K, J., Kim, S. G., Kim, C. W., and Kim, S. H., “Effects of activated carbon types and service life on removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals: amitrol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A,” Chemosphere, 58, 1535-1545 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
114 American Water Works Association, “An assessment of microbial activity on GAC,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 73(2), 447-454(1981)   DOI   ScienceOn
115 Ghosh, U., Weber, A., Jensen, J., and Smith, J., “Granular activated carbon and biological active carbon treatment of dissolved and sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls,” Water Environ. Res., 71(2), 232-240(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
116 손희종, 노재순, 김상구, 배석문, 강임석, “활성탄 공정에서의 염소 소독부산물 제거특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 27(7), 762-770(2005)   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
117 손희종, 정철우, 최영익, 배상대, “오존처리에 의한 BDO$C_{rapid}$와 BDO$C_{slow}$ 생성 특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 28(12), 1274-1279(2006)   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
118 Nishijima, W., Kim, W. H., Shoto, E., and Okada, M., “The performance of an ozonation-biological activated carbon process under long term operation,” Water Sci. Technol., 38(6), 163-169(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
119 Clark, R. M. and Lykins, B. W., Granular Activated Carbon, Lewis Publishers, Michigan(1989)
120 Nishijima, W. and Speital, G., “Fate of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon produced by ozonation on biological activated carbon,” Chemosphere, 56, 113-119(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
121 Werner, P., Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen der Aktivkohlefilter zur Trinkwasserau fbereitung, Publication No. 19, Department of Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte Institute, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, (1982)
122 Lazarova, V. and Manem, J., “Biofilm characterization and activity analysis in water and wastewater treatment,” Water Res., 29(10), 2227-2245(1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
123 Drury, W., Characklis, W., Stewart, P., “Interaction of 1 $\mu$m latex particles with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms,” Water Res., 27, 1119(1993)   DOI   ScienceOn
124 Speitel Jr, G. E. and DiGiano, F. A., “The bioregeneration of GAC used to treat micropollutants,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 79(1), 64-73(1987)   ScienceOn
125 Katsoyiannis, I. A. and Zouboulis, A. I., “Biological treatment of Mn(II) and Fe(II) containing groundwater: kinetic concentrations and product characterization,” Water Res., 38, 1922-1932(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
126 Takeuchi, Y., Mochidzuki, K., Matsunobu, N., Kojima, R., Motohashi, H., and Yoshimoto, S., “Removal of organic substances from water by ozone treatment followed by biological active carbon treatment,” Water Sci. Technol., 35(7), 171-178(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
127 Sinha, S., Westerhoff, P., Kommineni, S., Sharp, V., and Chowdhury, Z., “Removing musty/earthy taste and odor using ozone-associated biofiltration: pilot study findings and full-scale implementation issues,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., WQTC, Nov. 2-6, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania(2003)
128 Branda, S., Vik, A., Friedman, L., and Kolter, R., “Biofilms: the matrix revisited,” Trends Microbiol., 13, 20-26(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
129 Calvo-Bado, L. A., Pettitt, T. R., Parsons, N., Petch, G. M., Morgan, A. W., and Whipps, J. M., “Spatial and temporal analysis of the microbial community in slow sand filters used for treating horticultural irrigation water,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(4), 2116-2125(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
130 Weber, W., “Preloading, competition, adsorption analysis, ideal adsorption solution theory,” Biological Activated Carbon Filtration Workshop, International Water Association, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, May 29-31(2002)
131 La Motta, E., “Kinetics of growth and substrate uptake in a biological film system,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, 286-293(1976)   PUBMED
132 Najm, I., Kennedy, M., and Naylor, W., “Lignite versus bitminous GAC for biofiltration-a case study,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 97(1), 94-101(2005)   ScienceOn
133 Booth, S. D. J., Huck, P. M., Bulter, B. J., and Slawson, R. M., “A mechanistic approach for modeling the removal of ozonation byproducts in biologically active filters,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., WQTC, Denver(1995)
134 Nayar, S. C. and Sylvester, N. D., “Control of phenol in biological reactors by addition of powdered activated carbon,” Water Res., 13, 201(1979)   DOI   ScienceOn
135 Chestnutt, T. E., Bach, M. T., and Mazyck, D. W., “Improvement of thermal reactivation of activated carbon for the removal of 2-methylisoborneol,” Water Res., 41, 79-86(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
136 Tan, L. and Johnson, W., “Removing organic color and by-products from groundwater with ozone and pressurized biologically-active filtration,” Ozone Sci. Eng., 23, 393-400(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
137 Merlet, N., Merlet, Y., Pr$\acute{e}$vost, Y., Desjardins, R., and Bablon, G., “Removal of organic matter in BAC filters: the link between BDOC and chlorine demand,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., WQTC, Denver, Colorado(1991)
138 Bouwer, E. J. and Crowe, P. B., “Biological processes in drinking water treatment,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(9), 82(1988)
139 Moll, D. and Summers, R., “Assessment of drinking water filter microbial communities using taxonomic and metabolic profiles,” Water Sci. Technol., 39(7), 83-89(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
140 Pr$\acute{e}$vost, J., Coallier, J., Mailly, R. D., and Duchesne, D., “Comparison of biodegradable organic carbon (BOC) techniques for process control,” J. Water SRT-Aqua, 4(3), 141-150(1992)
141 Adamson, A. W., Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York(1982)
142 Rhim, J., “Characteristics of adsorption and biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon in biological activated carbon pilot plant,” Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(1), 38-42(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
143 Liu, X., Huck, P. M., and Slawson, R. M., “Factors affecting drinking water biofiltration,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 93(12), 90-101(2001)   ScienceOn
144 Ridgway, H. F. and Olsan, B. H., “Scanning electron microscope evidence for bacterial colonization of drinking water distribution system,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 41, 274-287(1981)   PUBMED   ScienceOn
145 Kirisits, M. J., Snoeyink, V. L., Chee-sanford, J. C., Daugherty, B. J., Brown, J. C., and Raskin, L., “Effects of operating conditions on bromate removal efficiency in BAC filters,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 94(4), 182-193(2002)   DOI
146 손희종, 정종문, 노재순, 유평종, “생물활성탄 공정에서 의 sulfonamide계 항생물질 제거특성,” 대한환경공학회지, 31(2), (2009)   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
147 Westerhoff, P., Summers, R., Chowdhury, Z., and Kommineni, S., Ozone-Enhanced Biofiltration for Geosmin and MIB Removal, Am. Water Works Assoc. Research Foundation, Denver, CO.(2005)
148 Chipps, M. J., Bauer, M. J., and Bayley, R. G., “Achieving enhanced filter backwashing with combined air scour and sub-fluidizing water at pilot and operational scale,” Filtration and Separation, 1, 55(1995)
149 Weber, W. J., Pirbazari, M., and Melson, G. L., “Biological growth on activated carbon: an investigation by scanning electron microscopy,” Environ. Sci. & Technol., 12, 817(1978)   DOI   ScienceOn
150 Stoodley, P., Boyle, J., de Beer, D., and Lappin-Scott, M., “Evolving perspectives of biofilm structure,” Biofouling, 14(1), 75-90(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
151 Elhadi, S. L. N., Huck, P. M., and Slawson, “Impact of biomass concentrations on the removal of earthy/musty odors from drinking water by biological filters,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., WQTC, June 13∼17, Orlando, Florida(2004)
152 Lai, W., Yeh, H., Tseng, I., Lin, T., Chen, J., and Wang, G., “Conventional versus advanced treatment for eutrophic source water,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 94(12), 96-108(2002)   ScienceOn
153 Servais, P., Billen, G., Bouillot, P., and Benezet, M., “A pilot study of biological GAC filtration in drinkingwater treatment,” Aqua, 41(3), 163-168(1992)
154 Servais, P., Billen, G., and Bouillot, P., “Biological colonization of granular activated carbon filters in drinking-water treatment,” J. Environ. Eng., 120(4), 888-899(1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
155 Blenkinsopp, S. and Costerton, J., “Understanding bacterial biofilms,” TIBTECH, 9, 138-143(1991)   DOI   ScienceOn
156 Chudyk, W. A. and Snoeyink, V. L., “Bioregeneration of activated carbon saturated with phenol,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(1), 1-5(1984)   DOI   ScienceOn
157 Trebesius, K., Amann, W., Ludwig, W., Mhlegger, K. and Schleifer, K. H., “Identification of whole fixed bacterial cells with nonradioactive rRNA targeted transcript probes,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 3228-3235(1994)   PUBMED
158 Pederson, G., “Biofilm development on stainless steel and PVC surfaces in drinking water,” Water Res., 24, 239-243(1990)   DOI   ScienceOn
159 Jeffrey, W. and Paul, J., “Underestimation of DNA synthesis by thymidine incorporationin marine bacterial,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(10), 3165-3168(1988)   ScienceOn
160 Carlson, K. H. and Amy, G., “BOM removal during biofiltration,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(12), 42-52(1998)   ScienceOn
161 Liang, C. H. and Chiang, P. C., “Mathematical model of the non-steady-state adsorption and biodegradation capacities of BAC filters,” J. Hazard. Mater., 139, 316-322(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
162 Leisinger, T., Cook, A. M., H$\ddot{u}$tter, R., and N$\ddot{u}$esch, J., Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds, Academic Press, New York(1981)
163 Ahmad, R. and Amirtharajah, A., “Detachment of particles during biofilter backwashing,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(12), 74-85(1998)
164 Coffey, B. M., Krasner, S. W., Sclimenti, M. J., Hacker, P. A., and Gramith, J. T., “A comparison of biologically active filters for the removal of ozone byproducts, turbidity and particles,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., WQTC, Denver, Colorado(1995)
165 Sathasivan, A., Ohgaki, S., Yamamoto, K., and Kamiko, N., “Role of inorganic phosphorus in controlling regrowth in water distribution system,” Water Sci. Technol., 35, 37-44(1997)
166 Moll, S. M., Summers, R. S., and Breen, A., “Microbial characterization of biological filters used for drinking water treatment,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(7), 2755-2759(1998)   PUBMED   ScienceOn
167 Amann, R., Ludwig, W., and Schleifer, K. H., “Phylogenetic in situ defection of individual microbial cells without cultivation,” Microbial. Rev., 59, 143-169(1995)
168 Andreottola, G., Foladori, P., Gelmini, A., and Ziglio, G., “Biomass active fraction evaluated by direct method and respirometric techniques,” Water Sci. Technol., 46(1-2), 371-379(2002)   PUBMED
169 Billen, G., Servais, P., Bouillot, P., and Ventresque, C., “Functioning of biological filters used in drinking water treatment-the Chabrol model,” J. Water SRT-Aqua, 4, 231-241(1992)
170 Gagnon, G. A., Booth, S. D. J., Peldszus, S., Mutti, D., Smith, F., and Huck, P. M., “Carboxylic acids: formation and removal in full-scale plants,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89(8), 88-97(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
171 Magic-Knezev, A. and van der Kooij, D., “Optimization and significance of ATP analysis for measuring active biomass in granular activated carbon filters used in water treatment,” Water Res., 38(18), 3971-3979(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
172 Terauchi, N., Ohtani, T., Yamanaka, K., Tsuji, T., Sudou, T., and Ito, K., “Studies on a biological filter for musty odor removal in drinking water treatment processes,” Water Sci. Technol., 31(11), 229-235(1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
173 Sedlak, D., Gray, J. L., and Pinkston, A. K. E., “Understanding contaminants in recycled water,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(23), 508-515(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
174 Urfer, D., Huck, P. M., Booth, S. D. J., and Coffey, B. M., “Biological filtration for BOM and particle removal: a critical review,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89(12), 83-98(1997)   DOI
175 Krasner, S. W., Sclimenti, M. J., and Coffey, B. M., “Testing biologically active filters for removing aldehydes formed during ozonation,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 85(5), 62-71(1993)
176 Meyer, K., Summers, R., Westerhoff, P., and Wetz, D., “Biofiltration for geosmin and MIB removal,” In Proceedings of Am. Water Works Assoc., Annual Conference, San Francisco, California(2005)
177 Sontheimer, H., “The mulheim process,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 70(7), 393-396(1978)   DOI   ScienceOn
178 Harris, C. and Kell, D., “The estimation of microbial biomass,” Biosensors, 1, 17-84(1985)   DOI   ScienceOn
179 de Beer, D., Stoodley, P., Roc, F., and Lewandowski, Z., “Liquid flow in biofilm system,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(8), 2711-2716(1994)   PUBMED   ScienceOn
180 Keinanen, M., Martikainen, P., and Kontro, M., “Microbial community structure and biomass in developing drinking water biofilms,” Can. J. Microbiol., 50, 183-191(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn