Browse > Article

Perfluorinated Compounds; New Challenge and Problem  

Son, Hee-Jong (Water Quality Institute, Water authority, Busan)
Yoo, Soo-Jeon (Water Quality Institute, Water authority, Busan)
Roh, Jae-Soon (Water Quality Institute, Water authority, Busan)
Publication Information
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants and are widely distributed all over the world. These compounds are hardly degradable and cause bioaccumulation and biomagnification during present for a long time in the environment: thereby after adversely biota and human bodies. It is difficult to remove PFCs using conventional water/wastewater treatment because of resistant property to photodecomposition, biodegradation and chemical decomposition. Moreover, domestic literature data on the pollution of PFCs in rivers and lakes are limited. In this paper, species, sources and risk of PFCs as well as behavior properties in drinking water/wastewater and treatment processes are demonstrated to encourage the domestic concern about PFCs.
Keywords
Perfluorinated Compounds; Risk; Behavior; Treatment Process; Drinking Water; Wastewater;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Lien, N. P. H., Fujii, S., Tanaka, S., Nozoe, M., Wirojanagud, W., Anton, A., Hai, H. T., Lindstrom, G., Hu, J. Y., Mohamed, M., Tasli, R., Guan, Y., Mizuno, T., and Suwanna, K. B., “International surveys of PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) PFOA (perfluorooctanoate) in surface water and tap water,” Proceedings of 2008 IWA World Water Congress, Vienna, Austria, (2008)
2 US EPA, “Perfluorooctyl sulfonates: proposed significant new use rule,” Fed. Regis., 65, 62319-62333(2000)
3 Loos, R., Locoro, G., Huber, T., Wollgast, J., Christoph, E. H., DeJager, A., Gawlik, B. M., Hanke, G., Umlauf, G., and Zaldivar, J. M., “Analysis of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the River Po watershed in N-Italy,” Chemosphere, 71, 306-313(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Tomy, G. T., Budakowski, W. R., Halldorson, T., Helm, P. A., Stern, G. A., and Friesen, K., “Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6475-6481(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Kudo, N. and Kawashima, Y., “Toxicity and toxicokinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid in humans and animals,” J. Toxicol. Sci. 28(2), 49-57(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Brooke, D., Footitt, A., and Nwaogu, T. A., Environmental Risk Evaluation Report: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS), UK Environment Agency, (2004)
7 Hekster, F., Laane, R., and de Voogt, P., “Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances,” Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 179, 99-121(2003)   DOI   PUBMED
8 Schultz, M. M. , Barofsky, D. F., and Field, J. A., “Quantitative determination of fluorinated alkyl substances by large-volume-injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-characterization of municipal wastewaters,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 289-295(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Tittlemier, S. A., Pepper, K., Seymour, C., Moisey, J., Bronson, R., and Cao, X. L., “Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast food, and food items prepared in their packing,” J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 3203-3210(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Dinglasan, M. J., Ye, Y., Edwards, E. A., and Mabury, S. A., “Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation yields poly- and perfluorinated acids,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2857-2864(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
11 So, M. K., Miyake, Y., Yeung, W. Y., Ho, Y. M., Taniyasu, S., Rostkowski, P., Yamashita, N., Zhou, B. S., Shi, X. J., Wang, J. X., Giesy, J. P., Yu, H., and Lam, P. K. S., “Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China,” Chemosphere, 68, 2085-2095(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Murakami, M., Imamura, E., Shinohara, H., Kiri, K., Muramatsu, Y., Harada, A., and Takada, H., “Occurrence and sources of perfluorinated surfactants in rivers in Japan,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6566-6572(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Schultz, M. M. , Barofsky, D. F., and Field, J. A., “Quantitative determination of fluorotelomer sulfonates in groundwater by LCMS/MS,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1828-1835(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Loewen, M., Halldorson, T., Wang, F., and Tomy, G., “Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids and PFOS in rainwater from an urban center in Canada,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2944-2951(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Saito, N., Sasaki, K., Nakatome, K., Harada, K., Yoshinaga, T., and Koizumi, A.,“ Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan,” Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., 45, 149-158(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Murakami, M., Shinohara, H., and Takada, H., “Evaluation of wastewater and street runoff as sources of perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs),” Chemosphere, 74, 487-493(2009)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Loganathan, B. G., Sajwan, K. S., Sinclair, E., Kumar, K. S., and Kannan, K., “Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia,” Water Res., 41, 4611-4620(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Rostkowski, P., Yamashita, N., So, I. M. K., Taniyasu, S., Lam, P. K. S., Falandysz, J., Lee, K. T., Kim, S. K., Khim, J. S., Im, S. H., Newsted, J. L., Jones, P. D., Kannan, K., and Giesy, J.P., “Perfluorinated compounds in streams of the Shihwa industrial zone and Lake Shihwa, South Korea,” Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25, 2374-2380(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Ahrens, L., Felizeter, S., Sturm, R., Xie, Z., and Ebinghaus, R., “Polyfluorinated compounds in waste water treatment plant effluents and surface waters along the River Elbe, Germany,” Marine Pollut. Bull., in press
20 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Water Supply, Determination of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Aqueous Samples, January (2007)
21 Plumlee, M. H., Larabee, J., and Reinhard, M., 'Perfluorochemicals in water reuse,' Chemosphere, 72, 1541-1547(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Boulanger, B., Vargo, J., Schnoor, J. L., and Hornbuckle, K. C., “Detection of perfluorooctane surfactants in great lakes water,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4064-4070(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Paustenbach, D. J., Panko, J. M., Scott, P. K., and Unice, K. M., “A methodology for estimating human exposure to peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA): a retrospective exposure assessment of a community (1951-.2003),” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 70, 28-57(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Ochoa-Herrera, V. and Sierra-Alvarez, R., “Removal of perfluorinated surfactants by sorption onto granular activated carbon, zeolite and sludge,” Chemosphere, 72, 1588-1593(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Yu, Q., Zhang, R., Deng, S., Huang, J., and Yu, G., “Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate on activated carbons and resin: Kinetic and isotherm study,” Water Res., 43, 1150-1158(2009)   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Emmett, E. A., Shofer, F. S., Zhang, H., Freeman, D., Desai, C., and Shaw, L. M., “Community exposure to perfluorooctanoate: relationships between serum concentrations and exposure sources,” J. Occup. Environ. Med., 48, 759-770(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Alzaga, R., and Bayona, J. M., “Determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in aqueous matrices by ion-pair solid-phase microextraction-in-port derivatization-gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry,” J. Chromatogr. A, 1042, 155-162(2004)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
28 Becker, A. M., Gerstmann, S., and Frank, H., “Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in the sediment of the Roter Main river, Bayreuth, Germany,” Environ. Pollut., 156, 818-820(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Clara, M., Scheffknecht, C., Scharf, S., Weiss, S., and Gans, O., “Emissions of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) from point sources-identification of relevant branches,” Proceedings of 2008 IWA World Water Congress, Vienna, Austria, (2008)
30 Harada, K., Saito, N., Sasaki, K., Inoue, K., and Koizumi, A., “Perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination of drinking water in the Tama River, Japan: estimated effects on resident serum levels,” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 71, 31-36(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I . T., Buck, R. C. , and Korzeniowski, S. H. , “Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(1), 32-44(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
32 K$\ddot{a}$rrman, A., Harada, K. H., Inoue, K., Takasuga, T., Ohi, E., and Koizumi, A., “Relationship between dietary exposure and serum perfluorochemical (PFC) levels-A case study,” Environ. Int., 35, 712-717(2009)   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Zhshi, Y., Takeda, T., and Masunaga, S., “Existence of nonpoint source of perfluorinated compounds and their loads in the Tsurumi River basin, Japan,” Chemosphere, 71, 1566-1573(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Kennedy, G. L., Butenhoff, J. L., Olsen, G. W., O'Connor, J. C., Seacat, A. M., and Perkins, R. G., “The toxicology of perfluorooctanoate,” Crit Rev Toxicol., 34, 351-384(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Peden-Adams, M. M., Keller, J. M., EuDaly, J. G., Berger, J., Gilkeson, G. S., and Keil, D. E., “Suppression of humoral immunity in mice following exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate,” Toxicol. Sci., 104, 144-154(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Sinclair, E., and Kannan, K., “Mass loading and fate of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in wastewater treatment plants,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1408-1414(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Simcik, M. F. and Dorweiler, K. J., “Ratio of perfluorochemical concentrations as a tracer of atmospheric deposition to surface waters,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8678-8683(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Key, B. D., Howell, R. D., and Criddle, C. S., “Defluorination of organofluorine sulfur compounds by Pseudomonas sp. strain D2,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2283-2287(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Giesy, J. P. and Kannan, K., “Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1339-1342(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Saito, N., Harada, K., Inoue, K., Sasaki, K., Yoshinaga, T., and Koizumi, A., “Perfluorooctanate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan,” J. Occup. Health, 46, 49-59(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Calafat, A. M., Wong, L. Y., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., and Needham, L. L., “Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000,” Environ. Health Perspect. 115(11), 1596-1602(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Ericson, I., Mart -Cid, R., Nadal, M., van Bavel, B., LindstrTEX>$\ddot{o}$m, G., and Domingo, J. L., “Human exposure to perfluorinated chemicals through the diet: intake of perfluorinated compounds in foods from the Catalan (Spain) market,” J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 1787-1794(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Boulanger, B., Vargo, J. D., Schnoor, J. L., and Hornbuckle, K. C., “Evaluation of perfluorooctane surfactants in a wastewater treatment system and in a commercial surface protection product,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 5524-5530(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Hansen, K. J., Johnson, H. O., Eldridge, J. S., Butenhoff, J. L., and Dick, L. A., “Quantitative characterization of trace levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee River,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1681-1685(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Martin, J. W., Mabury, S. A., Solomon, K. R., and Muir, D. C., “Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss),” Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 196-204(2003)   DOI   PUBMED
46 Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles-Hutchens, A., and Seed, J ., “Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings,” Toxicol. Sci., 99, 366-394(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Giesy, J. P. and Kannan, K., “Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 146-152(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
48 강조해, 조현서, 이대인, 유영석, 조천래, “전국 주요하천 및 호소의 수질 및 퇴적물의 PFOS 및 PFCs의 농도분포,” 한국환경과학회 춘계학술연구발표회 발표논문집, pp. 247-248(2006)
49 Giesy, J. P., Mabury, S. A., Martin, J. W., Kannan, K., Jones, P. D., Newsted, J. L., and Coady, K., “Perfluorinated compounds in the great lakes,” The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 5, 391-438(2006)
50 Loos, R., Wollgast, J., Huber, T., and Hanke, G., “Polar herbicides, pharmaceutical products, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates in surface and tap waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387, 1469-1478(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Tang, C. Y. Y., Fu, Q. S., Criddle, C. S., and Leckie, J. O., “Effect of flux (transmembrane pressure) and membrane properties on fouling and rejection of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes treating perfluorooctane sulfonate containing wastewater,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 2008-2014(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
52 McLachlan, M. S., Holmstrom, K. E., Reth, M., and Berger, U., “Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European continent,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7260-7265(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Renner, R., “Concerns over common perfluorinated surfactant,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(11), 201-202(2003)   DOI
54 Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I . T., Buck, R. C. , and Korzeniowski, S. H., “Source, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 32-44(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Ellis, D. A., Mabury, S. A., Martin, J. W., and Muir, D. C. G., “Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment,” Nature, 412, 321-324(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Higgins, C. P. and Kuthy, R. G., “Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7251-7256(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Lemal, D. M., “Perspective on fluorocarbon chemistry,” J. Org. Chem., 69(1), 1-11(2004)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
58 Lau, C., Butenhoff, J. L., and Rogers, J. M., “The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives,” Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 198, 231-241(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Nakayama, S., Harada, K., Inoue, K., Sasaki, K., Seery, B., Saito, N., Koizumi, A., “Distributions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Japan and their toxicities,” Environ, Sci., 12, 293-313(2005)
60 Takagi, S., Adachi, F., Miyano, K., Koizumi, Y., Tanaka, H., Mimura, M., Watanabe, I., Tanabe, S., and Kannan, K., “Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanonate in raw and treated tap water from Osaka, Japan,” Chemosphere, 72, 1409-1412(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Tang, C. Y. Y., Fu, Q. S., Robertson, A. P., Criddle, C. S., and Leckie, J. O., “Use of reverse osmosis membranes to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from semiconductor wastewater,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7343-7349(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Skutlarek, D., Exner, M., and Farber, H., “Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking water,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 13(5), 299-307(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Martin, J. W., Solomon, K. R., Mabury, S. A., and Muir, D. C. G., “Dietary accumulation of perfluorinated acids in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss),” Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 189-195(2003)   DOI   PUBMED
64 Alzaga, R., Bayona, J. M., “Determination of perfluoro carboxylic acids in aqueous matrices by ion-pair solid-phase microextraction-in-port derivatization-gas chromatographynegative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry,” J. Chromatogr. A, 1042, 155-162(2004)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
65 Kim, S. K. and Kannan, K., “Perfluorinated acids in air, rain, snow, surface runoff, and lakes: Relative importance of pathways to contamination of urban lakes,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 8328-8334(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Lin, A. Y., Panchangam, S. C., and Lo, C. C., “The impact of semiconductor, electronics and optoelectronic industries on downstream perfluorinated chemical contamination in Taiwanese rivers,” Environ. Pollut., 157, 1365-1372(2009)   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Yamamoto, T., Noma, Y., Sakai, S. I., and Shibata, Y., “Photodegradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate by UV irradiation in water and alkaline 2-propanol,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 5660-56659(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Kissa, E., Fluorinated Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, (1994)
69 Martin, J. W., Mabury, S. A., Smithwick, M. M., Hoekstra, P. F., Braune, B. M., and Muir, D. C. G., “Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 373-380(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Moody, C. A., Hebert, G. N., Strauss, S. H., Field, J. A., “Occurrence and persistence of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other perfluorinated surfactants in groundwater at a firetraining area at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, USA,” J. Environ. Monit., 5, 341-345(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Schroder, H. F. and Meesters, R. J. W., “Stability of fluorinated surfactants in advanced oxidation processes-a follow up of degradation products using flow injection-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry,” J. Chromatogr. A, 1082, 110-119(2005)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
72 Moriwaki, H., Takagi, Y., Tanaka, M., Tsuruho, K., Okitsu, K., and Maeda, Y., “Sonochemical decomposition of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3388-3392(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Scott, B. F., Spencer, C., Mabury, S. A., and Muir, D. C. G., “Poly and perfluorinated carboxylates in North American precipitation,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 7167-7174(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Renner, R., “Growing concern over perfluorinated chemicals,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 154-160(2001)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
75 Schultz, M. M., Higgins, C. P., Huset, C. A., Luthy, R. G., Barofsky, D. F., and Field, J. A., “Fluorochemical mass flows in a municipal wastewater treatment facility,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7350-7357(2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
76 Becker, A. M., Gerstmann, S., and Frank, H., “Perfluorooctane surfactants in waste waters, the major source of river pollution,” Chemosphere, 72, 115-121(2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
77 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorononanoic_acid
78 Lampert, D. J., Frisch, M. A., and Speitel Jr., G.E., “Removal of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate from wastewater by ion exchange,” Pract. Periodical Haz., Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Mgmt., 11, 60-68(2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
79 조경덕, 손현석, 신미연, “LC/MS/MS를 이용한 서울시 하수처리장 방류수 및 한강 내의 PFOA, PFOS의 잔류량 조사,” 대한환경공학회 추계학술연구발표회 발표논문집, (2007)