Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/fer.2014.027

The Effects of Acculturative Stress and Resilience on Depression of University Students from North Ko  

Lee, Chae Yeong (Department of Child and Family Studies, Yonsei University)
Park, Ju Hee (Department of Child and Family Studies, Yonsei University)
Publication Information
Human Ecology Research / v.52, no.3, 2014 , pp. 313-324 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acculturative stress and resilience on the depression of university students from North Korea, and examined the moderating effect of resilience on the relation between acculturative stress and depression. The participants of this study were 116 university students from North Korea (53 males and 63 females) aged between 20 and 35 years. The participants were asked to respond either to a written questionnaire or to an online survey system designed to measure research variables. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and a hierarchical regression. The moderating effect of resilience was examined by means of a hierarchical regression. The major findings were as follows: first, an increase in the level of acculturative stress increased that of depression, whereas an increase in the level of resilience decreased that of depression. Second, the moderating effect of resilience on the relation between acculturative stress and depression was statistically significant. That is, the negative influence of acculturative stress on depression was greater when the level of resilience was low, compared to when it was high. In summary, both acculturative stress and resilience had significant effects on the depression of university students from North Korea. Moreover, resilience buffered the detrimental effect of acculturative stress on their depression.
Keywords
university student; North Korea; depression; acculturative stress; resilience;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Leipold, B., & Greve, W. (2009). Resilience: A conceptual bridge between coping and development. European Psychologist, 14(1), 40-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Kim, N. Y. (2012). The effect of perceived stress and self-esteem on depression among North Korean refugees: Focusing on the moderating effect of discrimination and suppressive coping style (Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
3 Kim, S. H., & Kim, H. A. (2005). A study of North Korea refugee's counseling need assessment and barrier to help-seeking behavior. Korean Journal of Counseling, 6(3), 693-712.
4 Kim, S. K., Lee, S. I., Shin, C. J., Son, J. W., Eon, S. Y., & Kim, H. (2008). Effects of genetic and environmental factors on the depression in early adulthood. Journal of Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 15(1), 14-22.   과학기술학회마을
5 Kim, S. Y. (2006). Study on settlement status of Sateomin(refugee from North Korea) and improvement measures. Journal of the Korean Association of Northeast Asia Studies, 38, 249-269.
6 Kim, T. D. (2010). A study of self-efficacy as the mediation effect between acculturative stress and university adaptation. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 17(9), 277-296.
7 Kim, U. C., Park, Y. S., Kim, E. Y., Tsuda, A., & Horiuchi, S. (2010). The influence of parental social support and resiliency of efficacy on stress, depression, and stress management behavior: Comparative analysis of elementary school, middle school, and university students. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 16(2), 197-219.
8 Kim, Y. H. (2006). A study on North Korean defectors' mental health an application of a stress process model (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
9 Kim, Y. H., Jeon, W. T., & Cho, Y. A. (2010). A study on the prevalence and the influencing factors of the mental health problems among recent migrant North Koreans: A focus on 2007 entrants. Unification Policy Studies, 19(2), 141-174.
10 Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(23), 3095-3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Kim, H. A. (2006). The development of resilience scale for dislocated North Koreans in South Korea (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
12 Kim, H. A. (2009). The psychological characteristics of North Korean refugee youth through MMPI. Paper presented at the Conference of the Asian Forum for Corrections, Suwon, Korea.
13 Kim, H. A., & Jun, M. N. (2003). Individual difference in North Korean refugee's on MMPI. Korean Unification Studies, 7(2), 129-160.
14 Kim, J. M. (2008). Study on the adaptation process of North Korean refugee students (Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
15 Kim, K. W., & Lee, B. G. (2011). Positive research on the social-exclusion of North Korean defectors. North Korean Studies Review, 15(1), 1-38.
16 Kim, M. K. (2011). Relationship on family abuse experience, depression, resilience and suicide ideation of university students. Journal of Family Relations, 16(3), 109-127.
17 Kim, M. R. (2005). The effect of the adjustment stress and the social support on the depressive symptoms of the North Korean defectors. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 57(1), 193-217.   과학기술학회마을
18 Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10113   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Kim, N. M., & Kim, S. S. (2013). Mediation effects of social support and resilience between life stress and psychological well-being among Korean college students. Korean Journal of Counseling, 14(2), 1125-1144.   DOI
20 Chung, J. K., & Yang, K. M. (2004). Recent developments in acculturation theories. Korean Journal of Psychology, 23(1), 101-136.   과학기술학회마을
21 Eom, T. W. (2005). A strategy of the mental health for the integration between South and North Korea's residents. Unification Policy Studies, 14(1), 297-324.
22 Eom, T. W. (2009). Positive force of North Korean defectors at psychosocial crisis: A qualitative study. Mental Health & Social Work, 32, 215-247.
23 Goldstein, A. L., Faulkner, B., & Wekerle, C. (2013). The relationship among internal resilience, smoking, alcohol use, and depression symptoms in emerging adults transitioning out of child welfare. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(1), 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.08.007   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Hong, C. H. (2005). The 3 year follow up study of posttraumatic stress disorder of North Korean defectors (Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
25 Hong, J. W. (2010). The Report of University Student from North Korea. Seoul: Foreign Affairs, Trade and Unification Committee.
26 Burt, K. B., & Paysnick, A. A. (2012). Resilience in the transition to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 493-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000119   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Hooberman, J., Rosenfeld, B., Rasmussen, A., & Keller, A. (2010). Resilience in trauma-exposed refugees: The moderating effect of coping style on resilience variables. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 557-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01060.x   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Kasen, S., Wickramaratne, P., Gameroff, M. J., & Weissman, M. M. (2012). Religiosity and resilience in persons at high risk for major depression. Psychological Medicine, 42(3), 509-519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001516   DOI
29 Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Cho, Y. A., & Jeon, W. T. (2004). A qualitative study of North Korea students' adaptation to South Korean college life. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 16(1), 167-186.
31 Cho, Y. A., Jeon, W. T., Yu, J. J., & Um, J. S. (2005). Predictors of depression among North Korean defectors: A 3-year follow-up study. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 17(2), 467-484.
32 Cho, Y. A., Kim, Y. H., & You, S. E. (2009). Predictors of mental health among North Korean defectors residing in South Korea over 7 years. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 21(1), 329-348.
33 Choi, B. N., & Kim, H. K. (2011). Effects of traumatic experiences and personality pathology of North Korean female refugees on psychological symptoms. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 23(1), 195-212.
34 Baek, H. J., Kil, E. B., Yoon, I. J., & Lee, Y. R. (2007). A study on psychological adaptation of North Korean adolescent refugees in South Korea. Studies on Korean Youth, 18(2), 183-211.
35 Choi, G. O. (2012). A study on the understanding about the careers of university students from North Korea (Unpublished master's thesis). Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
36 Chon, K. K., Choi, S. C., & Yang, B. C. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1), 59-76.
37 Chung, B. H. (2004). Illusion and maladaptation of the North Korean refugees: The influence of the confusions in perception by the South Korean society. Cross-Cultural Studies, 10(1), 33-62.
38 Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173   DOI
39 Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491-511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546607   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturation: A conceptual overview. In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and Parent-Child Relationships: Measurement and Development (pp. 13-30). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
41 Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 3: Social Behavior and Applications (2nd ed., pp. 291-326). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
42 Yoon, I. J. (2007). Social adjustments of North Korean migrants and measures to facilitate their resettlement. The Journal of Asiatic Studies, 52(2), 106-143.
43 Williams, C. L., & Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist, 46(6), 632-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.6.632   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Wingo, A. P., Wrenn, G., Pelletier, T., Gutman, A. R., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2010). Moderating effects of resilience on depression in individuals with a history of childhood abuse or trauma exposure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(3), 411-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.009   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Yoo, M. R., Choi, S. Y., Kim, Y. M., Han, S. J., Yang, N. Y., Kim H. K., et al. (2013). Acculturative stress, resilience, and depression among Chinese students in Korea. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 19(3), 320-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2013.19.3.320   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Yoon, I. J. (2012). Acculturation and social adaptation of North Korean migrants. The Journal of Korean Studies, 41, 37-61.
47 Yu, S. E., Jo, M. S., Kim, K. H., & Bae, H. J. (2013). A Study on Measures and the Problem of the Drop-out Rate of North Korean Refugee University Students. Seoul: North Korean Refugee Center.
48 Park, Y. S., Kim, S. H., & Chung, N. S. (2009, December). The comparison of data collection of economic activities of laborers. Paper presented at the International Conference of the Korean Sociological Association, Seoul, Korea, 495-515.
49 Park, Y. S., & Yoon, I. J. (2007). Characteristics of social support for North Korean migrant adolescents and its effects on their adaptation in South Korea. Korean Journal of Sociology, 41(1), 124-156.
50 Park, Y. S., Tsuda, A., Kim, U. C., Han, K. H., Kim, E. Y., & Horiuchi, S. (2009). Factors influencing stress and depression among Korean and Japanese students: With specific focus on parental social support, resiliency of efficacy and stress management behavior. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 15(1), 1-28.
51 Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306   DOI
52 Roh, D. K. (2008). The influences of individual differences on adjustment and mental health of North Korean refugees (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
53 Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 335-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000028   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Sandhu, D. S., & Asrabadi, B. R. (1994). Development of acculturation stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 75(1), 435-448.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Shin, S. H. (2013, May 22). Ten of university students from North Korea do intern at Washington, D. C. ... As a symbol of Korea and US alliance. Dong-A Il bo. Retrieved September 10, 2013, from http://news.donga.com/3/all/20130522/55315886/1
56 Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Paek, Y. O., & Yoo, J. P. (2011). How North Korean Refugees Experience College: Implications for Policy and Institutional Support. Seoul: North Korean Refugees Foundation.
58 Ministry of Unification. (2013). Inter-Korean Exchanges of People and Goods. Seoul: Resettlement Support Division, Ministry of Unification.
59 Mok, H. Y. (2007). A study on psychological adaptability, cultural adaptive stress and social support of the youth in Saeteomin (Unpublished master's thesis). Myongji University, Seoul, Korea.
60 Neupert, S. D., Almeida, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (2007). Age differences in reactivity to daily stressors: The role of personal control. Journal of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(4), 216-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.4.P216   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Park, E. M., Park, J. S., & Jung, T. Y. (2009). Relationship between stresses and school adjustments for undergraduates from North Korea: The moderating effects of optimism, social supports, and stress coping strategies. Paper presented at the Conference of the Korean Psychological Association, Seoul, Korea, 428-429.
62 Park, J. R. (2012). The current trend and tasks of research on North Korean defectors: Trends, method, and contents. Review of the North Korean Economy, 14(5), 54-71.
63 Park, S. M. (2011). A qualitative study on carrier barriers perceived by college students who are the North Korean defectors (Unpublished master's thesis). Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
64 Park, W. M., & Min, K. J. (2012). Textbook of Depressive Disorders. Seoul: Sigmapress.
65 Kim, Y. J. (2012). Diaspora experience of North Korean adolescents defector (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
66 Lee, K. J., Han, M. G., Lee, H. K., & Kim, Y. Y. (2013). A Longitudinal Study of North Korean Migrant Youth in South Korea (III). Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.
67 Lee, H. J. (2011). The identity change process of women defectors of North Korea through emigrant experiences. Journal of Women's Studies, 21(3), 173-211.
68 Lee, H. K. (2003). A study of the university life experience of North Koreans defectors in South Korea (Unpublished master's thesis). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
69 Lee, K. H., & Bae, S. W. (2006). Identifying factors affecting the settlement of North Korean defectors in South Korea. Unification Policy Studies, 15(2), 1-28.
70 Lee, K. R. (2011). A study on factors influencing on mental health in North Korean defector youth: The mediating effects of acculturative stress. Contemporary Society and Multiculture, 1(1), 157-180.
71 Lee, K. S., Kang, S. C., Kim, B. R., Ahn, H. Y., Oh, S. R., Yun, Y. S., et al. (2003). A Study on North Korean Defector's Social Adaptation in South Korea. Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.
72 Lee, K. Y., Park, Y. H., Eom, T. W., Kim, H. K., & Kim, H. A. (2009). Mental Health and Counseling of Immigrants and Refugees. Seoul: Press of Sharing House.
73 Lee, S. J. (1996). The relation of acculturative stress, belief system and social support of international student (Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
74 Lee, S. R. (1997). A study on acculturative stress among North Korean defectors (Unpublished master's thesis). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.