Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21106

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the COVID Stress Scale  

Demirgoz Bal, Meltem (Midwifery Department, Marmara University, Health Sciences Faculty)
Dissiz, Melike (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Health Sciences University, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing)
Bayri Bingol, Fadime (Midwifery Department, Marmara University, Health Sciences Faculty)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing / v.51, no.5, 2021 , pp. 525-536 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the Turkish adaptation of the COVID Stress Scale (CSS) on the basis of determining the stress caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, and to test its validity and reliability. Methods: The English CSS was translated into Turkish using forward and backward translation. Data were collected online from 360 participants. Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and content validity. Pearson product-moment correlation, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, and test-retest methods were used to evaluate reliability. Results: The Turkish version of the CSS has 36 items consistent with the original scale and has five factors: COVID danger and contamination, socioeconomic consequences of COVID, COVID xenophobia, traumatic stress due to COVID, and compulsive checking for COVID. The construct validity of the Turkish version of the CSS was verified by the adjusted goodness of fit index > .85, and comparative fit index > .95. The content validity index of each item was 91%. The corrected item-total correlations of the scale ranged from .51 to .89. Internal consistency was reliable, with a Cronbach's α of .93. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the CSS is valid and reliable. It can be used as a measurement tool for the assessment of COVID-related stress.
Keywords
Reliability and Validity; Factor Analysis; COVID-19; COVID-19 Stress Syndrome;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Buyukozturk S. [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Pub; 2016. p. 34-43. Turkish.
2 Arafat SMY, Chowdhury HR, Qusar MMAS, Hafez MA. Cross-cultural adaptation & psychometric validation of research instruments: A methodological review. Journal of Behavioral Health. 2016;5(3):129-136.   DOI
3 Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 4th ed. New York (NY): The Guilford Press; 2016. p. 41-71.
4 Knekta E, Runyon C, Eddy S. One size doesn't fit all: Using factor analysis to gather validity evidence when using surveys in your research. CBE Life Sciences Education. 2019; 18(1):rm1. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-04-0064   DOI
5 Moretti EA, Anholon R, Rampasso IS, Silva D, Santa-Eulalia LA, Ignacio PSA. Main difficulties during RFID implementation: An exploratory factor analysis approach. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2019;31(8):943-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1575351   DOI
6 Capik C, Gozum S, Aksayan S. [Intercultural scale adaptation stages, language and culture adaptation: Updated guideline]. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2018;26(3):199-210. Turkish. https://doi.org/10.26650/FNJN397481   DOI
7 Gamonal-Limcaoco S, Montero-Mateos E, Lozano-Lopez MT, Macia-Casas A, Matias-Fernandez J, Roncero C. Perceived stress in different countries at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. Forthcoming 2021 Jul 16.
8 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7   DOI
9 Yuan S, Liao Z, Huang H, Jiang B, Zhang X, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of the indicators of psychological stress in the population of Hubei province and non-endemic provinces in China during two weeks during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in February 2020. Medical Science Monitor. 2020;26:e923767. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923767   DOI
10 Bicer I, Cakmak C, Demir H, Kurt ME. [Coronavirus anxiety scale short form: Turkish validity and reliability study]. Anadolu Klinigi. 2020;25 Suppl 1:216-225. Turkish. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.731092   DOI
11 Ozdamar K. [Structural equation modelling for scale and test development]. Eskisehir: Nisan Pub; 2016. p. 45-59. Turkish.
12 Ullman JB, Bentler PM. Structural equation modeling. In: Weiner I, Schinka JA, Velicer WF, editors. Handbook of Psychology. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012. p. 661-690.
13 Artan T, Meydan S, Irmak HS. Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Validity and reliability study. Archives of Health Science and Research. 2021;8(2):117-123. https://doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2021.20113   DOI
14 Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Fergus TA, McKay D, Asmundson GJG. Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2020;72:102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232   DOI
15 Shi L, Lu ZA, Que JY, Huang XL, Liu L, Ran MS, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with mental health symptoms among the general population in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e2014053. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14053   DOI
16 Cakir C, Aydin Gungor T. Cultural Competence Scale (CCS): The study of adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies. 2016;2(1):24-36.
17 Hair JF Jr, Gabriel MLDS, da Silva D, Braga Junior S. Development and validation of attitudes measurement scales: Fundamental and practical aspects. RAUSP Management Journal. 2019;54(4):490-507. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-05-2019-0098   DOI
18 Brosschot JF, Verkuil B, Thayer JF. Exposed to events that never happen: Generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017;74(Pt B):287-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019   DOI
19 Huremovic D. Brief history of pandemics (pandemics throughout history). In: Huremovic D, editor. Psychiatry of Pandemics: A Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2019. p. 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2   DOI
20 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; c2021 [cited 2021 Jul 17]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
21 Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729   DOI
22 Peters E, Hubner J, Katalinic A. [Stress, coping strategies and health-related quality of life during the corona pandemic in April 2020 in Germany]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift. 2021;146(2):e11-e20. German. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1275-3792   DOI
23 Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2020;70: 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196   DOI
24 Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry. 2020;33(2):e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213   DOI
25 Ozdin S, Bayrak Ozdin S. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020;66(5):504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051   DOI