Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/KSME-B.2014.38.10.817

Three-Dimensional Printed 3D Structure for Tissue Engineering  

Park, Jeong Hun (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH)
Jang, Jinah (Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH)
Cho, Dong-Woo (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH)
Publication Information
Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B / v.38, no.10, 2014 , pp. 817-829 More about this Journal
Abstract
One of the main issues in tissue engineering has been the development of a three-dimensional (3D) structure, which is a temporary template that provides the structural support and microenvironment necessary for cell growth and differentiation into the target tissue. In tissue engineering, various biomaterials and their processing techniques have been applied for the fabrication of 3D structures. In particular, 3D printing technology enables the fabrication of a complex inner/outer architecture using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system, and it has been widely applied to the fabrication of 3D structures for tissue engineering. Novel cell/organ printing techniques based on 3D printing have also been developed for the fabrication of a biomimetic structure with various cells and biomaterials. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the functional scaffold and cell-printed structures based on 3D printing technology and the application of this technology to various kinds of tissues regeneration.
Keywords
Tissue Engineering; Three-dimensional Printing; CAD/CAM; Scaffold; Cell/Organ Printing;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Yeong, W.-Y., Chua, C.-K., Leong, K.-F., Chandrasekaran, M. and Lee, M.-W., 2006, "Comparison of Drying Methods in the Fabrication of Collagen Scaffold Via Indirect Rapid Prototyping," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 260-266.
2 Kang, H.-W. and Cho, D.-W., 2012, "Development of an Indirect Stereolithography Technology for Scaffold Fabrication with a Wide Range of Biomaterial Selectivity," Tissue Engineering Part C, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 719-729.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Park, J. H., Jung J. W., Kang, H.-W. and Cho, D.-W., 2014, "Indirect Three-dimensional (3D) Printing of Synthetic Polymer Scaffold Based on Thermal Molding Process," Biofabrication, Accepted for publication.
4 Hutmacher, D.W., Schantz, J. T., Zein, I., Ng, K. W., Tan, K. C. and Teoh, S. H., 2001, "Mechanical Properties and Cell Cultural Response of Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Designed and Fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 203-216.   DOI
5 Shim, J.-H., Huh, J.-B., Park, J. Y., Jeon, Y.-C., Kang, S. S., Kim, J. Y., Rhie, J.-W. and Cho, D.-W., 2013, "Fabrication of Blended Polycaprolactone/Poly (lacticco- glycolic acid)/$\beta$-Tricalcium Phosphate Thin Membrane using Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology for Guided Bone Regeneration," Tissue Engineering Part A, Vol. 19, No. 3-4, pp. 317-328.   DOI
6 Shim, J.-H., Kim, S. E., Park, J. Y., Kundu, J., Kim, S. W., Kang, S. S. and Cho, D.-W., 2014, "3D Printing of rhBMP-2 Loaded Scaffolds with Long-term Delivery for Enhanced Bone Regeneration in a Rabbit Diaphyseal Defect," Tissue Engineering Part A, Accepted for publication.
7 Kim, J.-Y., Jin, G.-Z., Park, I. S., Kim, J.-N., Chun, S. Y., Park, E. K., Kim, S.-Y., Yoo, J., Kim, S.-H., Rhie, J.-W. and Cho, D.-W., 2010, "Evaluation of SFF-based Scaffolds Seeded with Osteoblasts and HUVECs for Use in vivo Osteogenesis," Tissue Engineering Part A, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 2229-2236.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Kang, S.-W., Lee, S.-J., Kim, J.-S., Choi, E.-H., Cha, B.-H., Shim, J.-H., Cho, D.-W. and Lee, S.-H., 2010, "Effect of a Scaffold Fabricated Thermally from Acetylated PLGA on the Formation of Engineered Cartilage," Macromolecular Bioscience, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 267-274.
9 Seol, Y.-J., Park, D. Y., Park, J. Y., Kim, S. W., Park, S. J. and Cho, D.-W., 2013, "A New Method of Fabricating Robust Freeform 3D Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 110, No. 5, pp. 1444-1455.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Kang, K. S., Lee, S. -I., Hong, J. M., Lee, J. W., Cho, H. Y., Son, J. H., Paek, S. H. and Cho, D.-W., 2014, "Hybrid Scaffold Composed of Hydrogel/3Dframework and its Application as a Dopamine Delivery System," Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 175, pp. 10-16.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Choi, J. S., Kang, H.-Y., Lee, I. H., Ko, T. J. and Cho, D.-W., 2009, "Development of Micro-Stereolithography Technology Using a UV Lamp and Optical Fiber," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 41, No. 3-4, pp. 281-286.   DOI
12 Kang, H.-Y., Park, J. H. and Cho, D.-W., 2012, "A Pixel based Solidification Model for Projection based Stereolithography Technology," Sensor and Actuator A: Physical, Vol. 178, pp223-229.   DOI
13 Kim, J. Y., Park, J. K., Hahn, S. K. Kwon, T. H. and Cho, D.-W., 2009, "Development of the Flow Behavior Model for 3D Scaffold Fabrication in the Polymer Deposition Process by a Heating Method," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 19, No. 10, 105003.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Hollister, S. J., 2009, "Scaffold Design and Manufacturing: from Concept to Clinic," Advanced materials, Vol. 21, No. 32-33, pp. 3330-3342.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Shim, J.-H., Kim, J. Y., Park, J. K., Hahn, S. K., Rhie, J.-W., Kang, S.-W., Lee, S.-H. and Cho, D.-W., 2010, "Effect of Thermal Degradation of SFF-based PLGA Scaffolds Fabricated Using a Multi-head Deposition System Followed by Change of Cell Growth Rate," Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, Vol. 21, No. 8-9, pp. 1069-1080.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Tan, K. H., Chua, C. K., Leong, K. F., Cheah, C. M., Cheang, P., Abu Bakar, M. S. and Cha, S. W., 2003, "Scaffold Development Using Selective Laser Sintering of Polyetheretherketone-hydroxyapatite Biocomposite Blends," Biomaterials, Vol. 24, No. 18, pp. 3115-3123.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Williams, J. M., Adewunmi, A., Schek, R. M., Flanagan, C. L., Krebsbach, P. H., Feinberg, Hollister S. J. and Das, S., 2005, "Bone Tissue Engineering Using Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Fabricated via Selective Laser Sintering," Biomaterials, Vol. 26, No. 23, pp. 4817-4827.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Lee J.-S., Cha H. D., Shim J.-H., Jung J. W., Kim J. Y. and Cho D.-W., 2012, "Effect of Pore Architecture and Stacking Direction on Mechanical Properties of Solid Freeform Fabrication based Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 100A, No. 7, pp. 1846-1853.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Seol, Y.-J., Kang, T.-Y. and Cho, D.-W., 2012, "Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology Applied to Tissue Engineering with Various Biomaterials," Soft matter, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 1730-1735.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Ma, P. X., 2004, "Scaffolds for Tissue Fabrication," Materials today, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 30-40.
21 Hollister, S. J., 2005, "Porous Scaffold Design for Tissue Engineering," Nature materials, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 518-524.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Sachlos, E. and Czernuszka, J. T., 2003, "Making Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Work. Review: the Application of Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology to the Production of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds," Eur. Cell Mater., Vol. 5 No. 29, pp. 39-40.
23 Giannitelli, S. M., Accoto, D., Trombetta, M. and Rainer, A., 2014, "Current Trends in the Design of Scaffolds for Computer-aided Tissue Engineering," Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 580-594.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Leong, K. F., Cheah, C. M. and Chua, C. K., 2003, "Solid Freeform Fabrication of Three-dimensional Scaffolds for Engineering Replacement Tissues and Organs," Biomaterials, Vol. 24, No. 13, pp. 2363-2378.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Jung, J. W., Kang, H.-Y., Kang, T.-Y., Park, J. and Cho, D.-W., 2012, "Projection Image-generation Algorithm for Fabrication of a Complex Structure using Projection-based Microstereolithography," International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 445-449.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Kang, H.-Y., Park, J. H., Kang, T.-Y., Seol, Y.-J. and Cho, D.-W., 2012, "Unit Cell-based Computer-aided Manufacturing System for Tissue Engineering," Biofabrication, Vol. 4, No. 1, 015005.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Lee, S.-J., Kang H.-Y., Park, J. K., Rhie, J.-W., Hahn, S. K. and Cho, D.-W., 2008, "Application of Microstereolithography in the Development of Threedimensional Cartilage Regeneration Scaffolds," Biomedical Microdevices, Vol. 10, No. 2 pp. 233-241.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Liao, C. J., Chen, C. F., Chen, J. H., Chiang, S. F., Lin, Y. J. and Chang, K. Y., 2002, "Fabrication of Porous Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds Using a Solvent Merging/Particulate Leaching Method," Journal of biomedical materials Research: Part A, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 676-681.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Ho, M. H., Kuo, P. Y., Hsieh, H. J., Hsien, T. Y., Hou, L. T., Lai, J. Y. and Wang, D. M., 2004, "Preparation of Porous Scaffolds by Using Freeze-extraction and Freeze-gelation Methods, " Biomaterials, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 129-138.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Nam, Y. S., Yoon, J. J. and Park, T. G., 2003, "A Novel Fabrication Method of Macroporous Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds Using Gas Foaming Salt as a Porogen Additive," Biomaterials, Vol. 24, No. 13, pp. 2323-2329.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Hutmacher, D. W., Sittinger, M. and Risbud, M. V., 2004, "Scaffold-based Tissue Engineering: Rationale for Computer-aided Desing and Solid Free-form Fabrication Systems," TRENDS in Biotechnology, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 354-362.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Yeong, W.-Y., Chua, C.-K., Leong, K.-F. and Chandrasekaran, M, 2004, "Rapid Prototyping in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Potential," TRENDS in Biotechnology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 643-652.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Schuurman, W., Khristov, V., Pot, M. W., Rene van Weeren, P., Dhert, W. J. A. and Malda, J., 2011, "Bioprinting of Hybrid Tissue Constructs with Tailorable Mechanical Properties," Biofabrication, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 021001.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Gaetani, R., Doevendans, P. A., Metz, C. H. G., Alblas, J., Messina, E., Giacomello, A. and Sluijter, J. P. G., 2012, "Cardiac Tissue Engineering Using Tissue Printing Technology and Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells," Biomaterials, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 1782-1790.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Wüst, S., Godla, M. E., Müller, R. and Hofmann, S., 2014, "Tunable Hydrogel Composite with Two-step Processing in Combination with Innovative Hardware Upgrade for Cell-based Three-dimensional Bioprinting," Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 630-640.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Loozen, L. D., Wegman, F., Öner, F. C., Dhert, W. J. and Alblas, J., 2013, "Porous Bioprinted Constructs in BMP-2 Non-viral Gene Therapy for Bone Tissue Engineering," Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 1, No. 48, pp. 6619-6626.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Fedorovich, N. E., Schuurman, W., Wijnberg, H. M., Prins, H. J., Van Weeren, P. R., Malda, J., Alblas, J. and Dhert, W. J., 2011, "Biofabrication of Osteochondral Tissue Equivalents by Printing Topologically Defined, Cell-laden Hydrogel Scaffolds," Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 33-44.
38 Duan, B., Hockaday, L. A., Kang, K. H. and Butcher, J. T., 2013, "3D Bioprinting of Heterogeneous Aortic Valve Conduits with Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogels," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 101, No. 5, pp. 1255-1264.
39 Shin, S. R., Bae, H., Cha, J. M., Mun, J. Y., Chen, Y. C., Tekin, H., Shin, H., Farshchi, S., Dokmeci, M. R., Tang, S. and Khademhosseini, A., 2011, "Carbon Nanotube reinforced Hybrid Microgels as Scaffold Materials for Cell Encapsulation," ACS Nano, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 362-372.
40 Jang, J., Oh, H., Lee, J., Song, T. H., Jeong, Y. H. and Cho, D.-W., 2013, "A Cell-laden Nanofiber/Hydrogel Composite Structure with Tough-soft Mechanical Property," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 102, No. 21, pp. 211914.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Lee, J.-S., Hong, J. M., Jung, J. W., Shim, J.-H., Oh, J. H. and Cho, D.-W., 2014, "3D Printing of Composite Tissue with Complex Shape Applied to Ear Regeneration," Biofabrication, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 024103.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Duan, B., Hockaday, L. A., Kang, K. H. and Butcher, J. T., 2013, "3D Bioprinting of Heterogeneous Aortic Valve Conduits with Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogels," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 101, No. 5, pp. 1255-1264.
43 Wang, X., Yan, Y., Pan, Y., Xiong, Z., Liu, H., Cheng, J., Liu, F. and Lu, Q., 2006, "Generation of Threedimensional Hepatocyte/Gelatin Structures with Rapid Prototyping System," Tissue Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 83-90.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Fedorovich, N. E., De Wijn, J. R., Verbout, A. J., Alblas, J. and Dhert, W. J., 2008, "Three-dimensional Fiber Deposition of Cell-laden, Viable, Patterned Constructs for Bone Tissue Printing," Tissue Engineering Part A, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 127-133.
45 Maher, P. S., Keatch, R. P., Donnelly, K., Mackay, R. E. and Paxton, J. Z., 2009, "Construction of 3D Biological Matrices using Rapid Prototyping Technology," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 204-210.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Li, S., Xiong, Z., Wang, X., Yan, Y., Liu, H. and Zhang, R., 2009, "Direct Fabrication of a Hybrid Cell/Hydrogel Construct by a Double-nozzle Assembling Technology," Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 249-265.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Pati, F., Jang, J., Ha, D.-H., Kim, S. W., Rhie, J.-W., Shim, J.-H., Kim, D.-H. and Cho, D.-W., 2014, "Printing Three-dimensional Tissue Analogues with Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioink," Nature Communications, Vol. 5, No. 3935.
48 Kang, K. H., Hockaday, L. A. and Butcher, J. T., 2013, "Quantitative Optimization of Solid Freeform Deposition of Aqueous Hydrogels," Biofabrication, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 035001.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Fedorovich, N. E., De Wijn, J. R., Verbout, A. J., Alblas, J. and Dhert, W. J., 2008, "Three-dimensional Fiber Deposition of Cell-laden, Viable, Patterned Constructs for Bone Tissue Printing," Tissue Engineering Part A, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 127-133.
50 Rezende, R. A., Bartolo, P. J., and Mendes, A., 2009, "Rheological Behavior of Alginate Solutions for Biomanufacturing," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 113, No. 6, pp. 3866-3871.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Nair, K., Gandhi, M., Khalil, S., Yan, K. C., Marcolongo, M., Barbee, K. and Sun, W., 2009, "Characterization of Cell Viability during Bioprinting Processes," Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 4, pp. 1168-1177.   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Lee, S.-H., Jo, A.R., Choi, G.P., Woo, C.H., Lee, S.J., Kim, B.-S., You, H.-K. and Cho, Y.-S., 2013, "Fabrication of 3D Alginate Scaffold with Interconnected Pores Using Wire-Network Molding Technique," Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Vol. 10, pp. 53-59.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Shim, J.-H., Kim, J. Y., Park, M., Park, J. and Cho, D.-W., 2011, "Development of a Hybrid Scaffold with Synthetic Biomaterials and Hydrogel using Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology," Biofabrication, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 034102.   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Thomas, J. D., Fussell, G., Sarkar, S., Lowman, A. M. and Marcolongo, M., 2010, "Synthesis and Recovery Characteristics of Branched and Grafted PNIPAAm- PEG hydrogels for the Development of an Injectable Load-bearing Nucleus Pulposus Replacement," Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 1319-1328.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Duan, B., Kapetanovic, E., Hockaday, L. A. and Butcher, J. T., 2013, "Three-dimensional Printed Trileaflet Valve Conduits Using Biological Hydrogels and Human Valve Interstitial Cells," Acta Biomaterialia, Accepted for publication.
56 Kundu, J., Shim, J.-H., Jang, J., Kim, S.-W. and Cho, D.-W., 2013, "An Additive Manufacturing‐based PCL- Alginate-Chondrocyte Bioprinted Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering," Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Online Published.
57 Nakamura, M., Kobayashi, A., Takagi, F., Watanabe, A., Hiruma, Y., Ohuchi, K., Iwasaki, Y., Horie, M., Morita, I. and Takatani, S., 2005, "Biocompatible Inkjet Printing Technique for Designed Seeding of Individual Living Cells," Tissue Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 11-12, pp. 1658-1666.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Campos, D. F. D., Blaeser, A., Weber, M., Jäkel, J., Neuss, S., Jahnen-Dechent, W. and Fischer, H., 2013, "Three-dimensional Printing of Stem Cell-laden Hydrogels Submerged in a Hydrophobic High-density Fluid," Biofabrication, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 015003.   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Park, J. H., Jung, J. W., Kang, H. W., Joo, Y. H., Lee, J. S. and Cho, D. W., 2012, "Development of a 3D Bellows Tracheal Graft: Mechanical Behavior Analysis, Fabrication and an in Vivo Feasibility Study," Biofabrication, Vol. 4, No. 3, 035004.   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Shim, J.-H., Lee, J. S., Kim, J. Y. and Cho, D.-W., 2012, "Bioprinting of a Mechanically Enhanced Three- Dimensional Dual Cell-laden Construct for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering using a Multi-head Tissue/Organ Building System," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 085014.   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Arai, K., Iwanaga, S., Toda, H., Genci, C., Nishiyama, Y. and Nakamura, M., 2011, "Three-dimensional Inkjet Biofabrication based on Designed Images," Biofabrication, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 034113.   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Nakamura, M., Iwanaga, S., Henmi, C., Arai, K. and Nishiyama, Y., 2010, "Biomatrices and Biomaterials for Future Developments of Bioprinting and Biofabrication," Biofabrication, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 014110.   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Cui, X., Dean, D., Ruggeri, Z. M. and Boland, T., 2010, "Cell Damage Evaluation of Thermal Inkjet Printed Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 963-969.   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Taboas, J. M., Maddox, R. D., Krebsbach, P. H. and Hollister, S. J., "Indirect Solid Free Form Fabrication of Local and Global Porous, Biomimetic and Composite 3D Polymer-ceramic Scaffolds," Biomaterials, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 181-194.
65 Derby, B., 2012, "Printing and Prototyping of Tissues and Scaffolds," Science, Vol. 338, No. 6109, pp. 921-926.   DOI
66 Ferris, C. J., Gilmore, K. G. and Wallace, G. G., 2013, "Biofabrication: An Overview of the Approaches used for Printing of Living Cells," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 97, No. 10, pp. 4243-4258.   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Rungseevijitprapa, W. and Bodmeier, R., 2009, "Injectability of Biodegradable in Situ Forming Microparticle Systems (ISM)," European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 524-531.   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Mantila, R. S. M., Kemppainen, J. M., Moffitt, E. N., Krebsbach, P. H. and Hollister, S. J., 2008, "The Pore Size of Polycaprolactone Scaffolds has Limited Influence on Bone Regeneration in an in Vivo Model," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 92A, No. 1, pp. 359-368.
69 Lee, K.-W., Wang, S., Lu L., Jabbari, E., Currier, B. L. and Yaszemski, M. J., 2006, "Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds with Controlled Pore Structures Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Injection Molding," Tissue Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 2801-2811.   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Lee, M., Dunn, J. C. Y. and Wu, B. M., 2005, "Scaffold Fabrication by Indirect Three-dimensional Printing," Biomaterials, Vol. 26, No. 20, pp. 4281-4289.   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Liu, C. Z., Xia, Z. D., Han, Z. W., Hulley, P. A., Triffitt, J. T. and Czernuszka, J. T., 2008, "Novel 3D Collagen Scaffolds Fabricated by Indirect Printing Technique for Tissue Engineering," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 519-528.
72 Cho, D.-W. and Kang, H.-Y., 2012, Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering, Humana Press, New York, pp. 341-356.
73 Pescosolido, L., Schuurman, W., Malda, J., Matricardi, P., Alhaique, F., Coviello, T., van Weeren, P. R., Dhert, J., Hennink, W. E. and Vermonden, T., 2011, "Hyaluronic Acid and Dextran-based Semi-IPN Hydrogels as Biomaterials for Bioprinting," Biomacromolecules, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 1831-1838.   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Lo, H., Ponticiello, M. S. and Leong, K. W., 1995, "Fabrication of Controlled Release Biodegradable Foams by Phase Separation," Tissue engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 15-28.   DOI