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http://dx.doi.org/10.6116/kjh.2021.36.5.15.

Review on the mechanism for the reduction of raphide-induced toxicity via processing of Pinelliae Tuber and Arisaematis Rhizoma  

Kim, Jung-Hoon (Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National Univ.)
Lee, Guemsan (Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang Univ.)
Choi, Goya (Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine)
Kim, Young-Sik (Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk Univ.)
Lee, Seungho (Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk Univ.)
Kim, Hongjun (Department of Formula Science, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk Univ.)
Publication Information
The Korea Journal of Herbology / v.36, no.5, 2021 , pp. 15-27 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objectives : The processing of Pinelliae Tuber and Arisaematis Rhizoma is a crucial step to reduce the severe acrid irritation mainly due to the needle-like crystals (raphides). Ginger, alum and bile juice have been used as adjuvant materials for the processing. Methods : Bibliographic research on ancient processing and experimental processing was performed to investigate the toxicity reduction mechanisms of the processing with ginger, alum and bile juice. Results : Ginger has been a major adjuvant for the processing of Pinelliae Tuber, followed by alum and bile juice since Song (宋) and Myeong (明) dynasties, and Arisaematis Rhizoma has been mainly used as Damnamseong (膽南星). The raphides consisting of calcium oxalate, lectin, agglutinin and polysaccharides can induce acrid irritation and the inflammatory reactions. The lipophilic components in the ginger denatured the structure of raphides and 6-gingerol-contained ginger extract attenuated the inflammatory reaction. The calcium ion (Ca2+) of calcium oxalate was substituted to the aluminium ion (Al3+) of the alum, which damaged the calcium oxalate structure. Lectin attached to the surface of raphides was dissolved in alum solution and consequently its structure was denatured. The cholate in the bile juice formed the complex with the oxalate anion or the calcium cation. Moreover, the enzymes activated by Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium during the fermentation promoted the fragmentation of oxalate. Conclusion : The adjuvant materials damaged the raphides by denaturing or degrading the calcium oxalate, resulting in the reduction of acrid irritation. Further experimental studies would support the toxicity reduction mechanism of the processing.
Keywords
Pinelliae Tuber; Arisaematis Rhizoma; processing; calcium oxalate; toxicity reduction;
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