Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2016.32.1.021

Variation of OC and EC in PM2.5 at Mt. Taehwa  

Ham, Jeeyoung (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University)
Lee, Meehye (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University)
Kim, Hyun Seok (Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University)
Park, Hyunju (National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division)
Cho, Gangnam (National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division)
Park, Jungmin (National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment / v.32, no.1, 2016 , pp. 21-31 More about this Journal
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in $PM_{2.5}$ were measured with Sunset OC/EC Field Analyzer at Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) near Seoul metropolitan area from May 2013 to April 2014. During the study period, the mean concentrations of OC and EC were $5.0{\pm}3.2{\mu}gC/m^3$ and $1.7{\pm}1.0{\mu}gC/m^3$, respectively. They showed clear seasonality reaching their maximum in winter ($6.5{\mu}gC/m^3$ and $1.9{\mu}gC/m^3$) and minimum in wet summer ($2.5{\mu}gC/m^3$ and $1.4{\mu}gC/m^3$). While OC showed greater seasonal variation, the diurnal variation was more noticeable for EC through all seasons with a clear maximum in the morning, which reveals the influence of vehicle emissions. In contrast, OC exhibited a broad second peak in the afternoon during May~June, when biological activities were the highest. Using the morning peaks of EC and OC, primary OC/EC ratio was assessed, which was assumed to be anthropogenic origin. It was the greatest in winter followed by spring and the lowest in wet summer. The seasonal difference in primary OC/EC ratio implies the influence of non-local sources of OC at the Mt. Taehwa.
Keywords
OC; EC; Taehwa Research Forest; Primary OC/EC;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Janssen, N.A., G. Hoek, M. Simic-Lawson, P. Fischer, L. van Bree, H. ten Brink, M. Keuken, R.W. Atkinson, H.R. Anderson, B. Brunekreef, and F.R. Cassee (2011) Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, Environ. Health Perspect, 119(12), 1691-1699.   DOI
2 Jung, J., S. Kim, B. Choi, and K. Kim (2009) A Study on the Characteristics of Carbonaceous Compounds in $PM_{2.5}$ Measured in Chuncheon and Seoul, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 25(2), 141-153. (in Korean with English Abstract)   DOI
3 KFRI (2010) Information report.
4 Kim, H.-S., J.-B. Huh, P.K. Hopke, T.M. Holsen, and S.-M. Yi (2007) Characteristics of the major chemical constituents of $PM_{2.5}$ and smog events in Seoul, Korea in 2003 and 2004, Atmos. Environ., 41(32), 6762-6770.   DOI
5 Kim, H., M. Lee, S. Kim, A. Guenther, J. Park, G. Cho, and H. Kim (2015a) Measurements of Isoprene and Monoterpenes at Mt. Taehwa and Estimation of Their Emissions, Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 17(3), 217-226. (in Korean with English abstract)
6 Kim, S., M. Lee, S. Kim, S. Choi, S. Seok, and S. Kim (2013a) Photochemical Characteristics of High and Low ozone episodes observed in the Taehwa Forest Observatory (TFO) in June 2011 near Seoul South Korea, Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sciences, 49(3), 325-331.   DOI
7 Kim, S.-Y., X. Jiang, M. Lee, A. Turnipseed, A. Guenther, J.-C. Kim, S.-J. Lee, and S. Kim (2013b) Impact of biogenic volatile organic compounds on ozone production at the Taehwa Research Forest near Seoul, South Korea, Atmos. Environ., 70, 447-453.   DOI
8 Kim, S., S.-Y. Kim, M. Lee, H. Shim, G. Wolfe, A. Guenther, A. He, H. Hong, and J. Han (2015b) Impact of isoprene and HONO chemistry on ozone and OVOC formation in a semirural South Korean forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15(8), 4357-4371.   DOI
9 KMA (2013-2014) Monthly weather report.
10 KMOE (2013) Air environmental conservation act.
11 Kroll, J.H. and J.H. Seinfeld (2008) Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: formation and evolution of low volatility organics in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 42(16), 3593-3624.   DOI
12 Li, G., R. Zhang, J. Fan, and X. Tie (2005) Impacts of black carbon aerosol on photolysis and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 110 (D23206), doi:10.1029/2005JD005898.   DOI
13 MOLIT (2014) Information report.
14 Na, K., C. Song, C. Switzer, and D.R. Cocker III (2007) Effect of ammonia on secondary organic aerosol formation from ${\alpha}$-pinene ozonolysis in dry and humid conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(17), 6096-6102.   DOI
15 NIOSH, A. (1996) Method 5040 issue 1: Elemental carbon (Diesel Exhaust), NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, fourth ed. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
16 Park, S.S., Y.J. Kim, and K. Fung (2001) Characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ carbonaceous aerosol in the Sihwa industrial area, South Korea, Atmos. Environ., 35(4), 657-665.   DOI
17 Park, S.S., Y.J. Kim, and K. Fung (2002) $PM_{2.5}$ carbon measurements in two urban areas: Seoul and Kwangju, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 36(8), 1287-1292.   DOI
18 Park, S.S., D. Harrison, P. Pancras, and J.M. Ondov (2005) Time resolved elemental and organic carbon measurements at the Baltimore Supersite in 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110 (D07S06), doi:10.1029/2004JD004610.   DOI
19 Park, S.S., S.A. Jung, B.J. Gong, S.Y. Cho, and S.J. Lee (2013) Characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ haze episodes revealed by highly time-resolved measurements at an air pollution monitoring Supersite in Korea, Aerosol and Air Quality Res., 13, 957-976.
20 Rattigan, O., H. Felton, M. Bae, J. Schwab, and K. Demerjian (2010) Multi-year hourly $PM_{2.5}$ carbon measurements in New York: Diurnal, day of week and seasonal patterns, Atmos. Environ., 44(16), 2043-2053.   DOI
21 Robinson, A.L., N.M. Donahue, M.K. Shrivastava, E.A. Weitkamp, A.M. Sage, A.P. Grieshop, T.E. Lane, J.R. Pierce, and S.N. Pandis (2007) Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging, Science, 315(5816), 1259-1262.   DOI
22 Samara, C., D. Voutsa, A. Kouras, K. Eleftheriadis, T. Maggos, D. Saraga, and M. Petrakakis (2014) Organic and elemental carbon associated to $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ at urban sites of northern Greece, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21(3), 1769-1785.   DOI
23 Sandrini, S., S. Fuzzi, A. Piazzalunga, P. Prati, P. Bonasoni, F. Cavalli, M.C. Bove, M. Calvello, D. Cappelletti, C. Colombi, D. Contini, Gianluigi de Gennaro, A.D. Gilio, P. Fermo, L. Ferrero, V. Gianelle, M. Giugliano, P. Ielpo, G. Lonati, A. Marinoni, D. Massabo, U. Molteni, B. Moroni, G. Pavese, C. Perrino, M.G. Perrone, M.R. Perrone, J.-P. Putaud, T. Sargolini, R. Vecchi, and S. Gilardoni (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy, Atmos. Environ., 99, 587-598.   DOI
24 Seinfeld, J.H. and S.N. Pandis (2012) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 628-690.
25 Shilling, J.E., R.A. Zaveri, J.D. Fast, L. Kleinman, M.L. Alexander, M.R. Canagaratna, E. Fortner, J.M. Hubbe, J.T. Jayne, A. Sedlacek, A. Setyan, S. Springston, D.R. Worsnop, and Q. Zhang (2013) Enhanced SOA formation from mixed anthropogenic and biogenic emissions during the CARES campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(4), 2091-2113.   DOI
26 Shim, C., J. Hong, J. Hong, Y. Kim, M. Kang, B.M. Thakuri, Y. Kim, and J. Chun (2014) Evaluation of MODIS GPP over a complex ecosystem in East Asia: A case study at Gwangneung flux tower in Korea, Advances in Space Res., 54(11), 2296-2308.   DOI
27 Szidat, S., M. Ruff, N. Perron, L. Wacker, H.A. Synal, M. Hallquist, A.S. Shannigrahi, K.E. Yttri, C. Dye, and D. Simpson (2009) Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Goteborg, Sweden, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(5), 1521-1535.   DOI
28 Turpin, B.J. and J.J. Huntzicker (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS, Atmos. Environ., 29(23), 3527-3544.   DOI
29 Turpin, B.J., P. Saxena, and E. Andrews (2000) Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects, Atmos. Environ., 34(18), 2983-3013.   DOI
30 Yin, J.X. and R.M. Harrison (2008) Pragmatic mass closure study for $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ at roadside, urban background and rural sites, Atmos. Environ., 42(5), 980-988.   DOI
31 Ying, Q., I.V. Cureno, G. Chen, S. Ali, H. Zhang, M. Malloy, H.A. Bravo, and R. Sosa (2014) Impacts of Stabilized Criegee Intermediates, surface uptake processes and higher aromatic secondary organic aerosol yields on predicted $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone, Atmos. Environ., 94, 438-447.   DOI
32 Yu, X.Y., R.A. Cary, and N.S. Laulainen (2009) Primary and secondary organic carbon downwind of Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(18), 6793-6814.   DOI
33 Agarwal, S., S.G. Aggarwal, K. Okuzawa, and K. Kawamura (2010) Size distributions of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, ${\alpha}$-dicarbonyls, sugars, WSOC, OC, EC and inorganic ions in atmospheric particles over Northern Japan: implication for long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning and East Asian polluted aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(13), 5839-5858.   DOI
34 Anderson, J.O., J.G. Thundiyil, and A. Stolbach (2012) Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health, Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8(2), 166-175.   DOI
35 Andreae, M.O. and P.J. Crutzen (1997) Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry, Science, 276(5315), 1052-1058.   DOI
36 Atkinson, R. (2000) Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx, Atmos. Environ., 34(12-14), 2063-2101.   DOI
37 Bates, T.S., P.K. Quinn, D.J. Coffman, J.E. Johnson, and A.M. Middlebrook (2005) Dominance of organic aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the Gulf of Maine during NEAQS 2002 and their role in aerosol light scattering, J. Geophys. Res., 110 (D18), doi:10.1029/2005JD005797.   DOI
38 Bond, T.C., S.J. Doherty, D.W. Fahey, P.M. Forster, T. Berntsen, B.J. DeAngelo, M.G. Flanner, S. Ghan, B. Kaercher, D. Koch, S. Kinne, Y. Kondo, P.K. Quinn, M.C. Sarofim, M.G. Schultz, M. Schulz, C. Venkataraman, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, N. Bellouin, S.K. Guttikunda, P.K. Hopke, M.Z. Jacobson, J.W. Kaiser, Z. Klimont, U. Lohmann, J.P. Schwarz, D. Shindell, T. Storelvmo, S.G. Warren, and C.S. Zender (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 118(11), 5380-5552.
39 Chou, C.C.-K., C.T. Lee, M.T. Cheng, C.S. Yuan, S.J. Chen, Y.L. Wu, W.C. Hsu, S.C. Lung, S.C. Hsu, C.Y. Lin, and S.C. Liu (2010) Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of carbonaceous aerosols in Taiwan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(19), 9563-9578.   DOI
40 Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, D.H. Lowenthal, L.-W.A. Chen, and N. Motallebi (2010) Black and organic carbon emission inventories: review an application to California, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 60(4), 497-507.   DOI
41 Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, P. Doraiswamy, L.-W.A. Chen, D.A. Sodeman, D.H. Lowenthal, K. Park, W.P. Arnott, and N. Motallebi (2009) Aerosol light absorption, black carbon, and elemental carbon at the Fresno Supersite, California, Atmos. Res., 93(4), 874-887.   DOI
42 Duan, J., J. Tan, D. Cheng, and X. Bi (2007) Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in two largest cities in Pearl River Delta Region, China, Atmos. Environ., 41(14), 2895-2903.   DOI
43 Elbert, W., P.E. Taylor, M.O. Andreae, and U. Poschl (2007) Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(17), 4569-4588.   DOI
44 Feng, Y., Y. Chen, H. Guo, G. Zhi, S. Xiong, J. Li, G. Sheng, and J. Fu (2009) Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in $PM_{2.5}$ samples in Shanghai, China, Atmos. Res., 92(4), 434-442.   DOI
45 Gentner, D.R., G. Isaacman, D.R. Worton, A.W.H. Chan, T.R. Dallmann, L. Davis, S. Liu, D.A. Day, L.M. Russell, K.R. Wilson, R. Weber, A. Guha, R.A. Harley, and A.H. Goldstein (2012) Elucidating secondary organic aerosol from diesel and gasoline vehicles through detailed characterization of organic carbon emissions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(45), 18318-18323.   DOI
46 Ham, J.Y. (2015) Continuous measurement of $PM_{2.5}$ organic carbon (OC) at Mt. Teahwa: Temporal variation and estimation of source, Korea University, Master's thesis.
47 Han, J., B. Bahng, M. Lee, S. Yoon, S. Kim, L. Chang, and K. Kang (2013) Semi-continuous Measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ OC and EC at Gosan: Seasonal Variations and Characteristics of High-concentration Episodes, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 29(3), 237-250. (in Korean with English Abstract)   DOI
48 Hopke, P. (2009) Contemporary threats and air pollution, Atmos. Environ., 43(1), 87-93.   DOI