Browse > Article

Study on Genotoxicity of Crocin, a Component of Gardenia Fruit, in Bacterial and Mammalian Cell Systems  

Choi, Hae-Yeon (Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung women's University)
Kim, Youn-Jung (Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
Jeon, Hee-Kyung (Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
Ryu, Jae-Chun (Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
Publication Information
Molecular & Cellular Toxicology / v.4, no.4, 2008 , pp. 285-292 More about this Journal
Abstract
Crocin is one of the major components of gardenia fruit and saffron which are widely used as natural food colorants and as traditional Chinese medicines. However, the genotoxicity data on crocin are not sufficient for safety evaluation. The purpose of this study was the examination of the genotoxicity on crocin from gardenia yellow in bacterial and mammalian cells, using various genotoxic battery testing assays and the influence of crocin on methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced DNA damage in vitro, using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. From results, no considerable mutagenicity and clastogenicity were seen in bacteria and mammalian cells treated with crocin, by Ames test, chromosomal aberration assay, ${tk}^{+/-}$ gene forward mutation assay and comet assay. And, post-treatment with crocin significantly suppressed ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the findings of the present study and other previous observations indicate that crocin has no genotoxic potential. And it showed that crocin clearly repressed the genotoxic potency of ${H_2}{O_2}$. These results suggest that anti-oxidative effects of crocin may be involved in the protective effects of DNA damage.
Keywords
Crocin; Mutagenicity; Clastogenicity; Genotoxicity; Anti-oxidative;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By Web Of Science : 4  (Related Records In Web of Science)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Rios, J. L., Recio, M. C., Ginger, R. M. & Manz, S. An update review of saffron and its active constituents. Phytother Res 10:189-193 (1996)   DOI
2 Tseng, T. H., Chu, C. Y., Huang, J. M., Shiow, S. J. & Wang, C. J. Crocetin protects against oxidative damage in rat primary hepatocytes. Cancer Lett 97:61-67 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Nair, S. C., Varghese, C. D., Pannikar, K. R., Kurumboor, S. K. & Parathod, R. K. Effects of saffron on vitamin A levels and its antitumor activityonthegrowth of solid tumors in mice. Int J Pharmacog 32:105-114 (1994)   DOI
4 Maron, D. M. & Ames, B. N. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Res 113:173-215 (1983)   DOI
5 Arimoto-Kobayashi, S., Machida, M., Okamoto, K. & Yamaguchi, A. Evaluation of photo-mutagenicity and photo-cytotoxicity of food coloring agents. Mutagenesis 20(3):229-233 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Akao, T., Kobayashi, K. & Aburada, M. Enzymic studies on the animal and intestinal bacterial metabolism of geniposide. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 17(12):1573-1576 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Pham, T. Q., Cormier, F., Farnworth, E., Tong, V. H. & Van Calsteren, M. R. Antioxidant properties of crocin from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and study of the reactions of crocin with linoleic acid and crocin with oxygen. J Agric Food Chem 48:1455-1461 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Papandreou, M. A. et al. Inhibitory activity on amyloid-beta aggregation and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus stigmas extract and its crocin constituents. J Agric Food Chem 54:8762-8768 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Altman, D. G. Practical statistics for medical research. Comparing groups-categorical data, London, Chapman & Hall. 10:229-276 (1991)
10 Ryu, J. C., Kim, H. J., Seo, Y. R. & Kim, K. R. Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay) to detect DNA damage and Apoptosis in cell level. Environ Mutagens & Carcinogens 17(2):71-77 (1997)
11 Hosseinzadeh, H. & Sadeghnia, H. R. Safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), attenuated cerebral ischemia induced oxidative damage in rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharm Sci 8:394-399 (2005)
12 Zheng, Y. Q., Liu, J. X., Wang, J. N. & Xu, L. Effects of crocin on reperfusion-induced oxidative nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1138:86-94 (2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Abdullaev, F. I. & Espinosa-Aguirre, J. J. Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Detect Prev 28:426-432 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Abdullaev, F. I. et al. In vitro evaluation of chemopreventive potential of saffron. Rev Invest Clin 54:430-436 (2002)
15 Bors, W., Saran, M. & Michel, C. Radical intermediates involved in the bleaching of the carotenoid crocin. Hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions and hydrated electrons. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 41:493-501 (1982)   DOI
16 Assimopoulou, A. N., Sinakos, Z. & Papageorgiou, V. P. Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents. Phytother Res 19:997-1000 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Ozaki, A. et al. Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components. Food Chem Toxicol 40(11):1603-1610 (2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Nair, S. C., Pannikar, B. & Panikkar, K. R. Antitumour activity of saffron (Crocus sativus). Cancer Lett 57:109-114 (1991)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Ishidate, M. Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in Vitro. Life-Science Information Center Press, Tokyo (1987)
20 Lin, J. K. & Wang, C. J. Protection of crocin dyes on the acute hepatic damage induced by aflatoxin B1 and dimethylnitrosamine in rats. Carcinogenesis 7:595-599 (1986)   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Abdullaev, F. I. Biological effects of saffron. Biofactors 4(2):83-86 (1993)
22 Francis, F. J. et al. Miscellaneous colorants. In Natural Food Colorants 7:242-272 (1992)
23 Singh, N. P., Stephens, R. E. & Schneider, E. L. Modifications of alkaline microgel electrophoresis for sensitive detection of DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol 66:23-28 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Salomi, M. J., Nair, S. C. & Panikkar, K. R. Cytotoxicity and non-mutagenicity of Nigella sativa and saffron (Crocus sativus) in vitro. Proc Ker Sci Congr 5:244 (1991)
25 Hosseinzadeh, H., Sadeghnia, H. R., Ziaee, T. & Danaee, A. Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and crocin, its active constituent, on renal ischemiareperfusion-induced oxidative damage in rats. J Pharm Pharm Sci 8:387-393 (2005)
26 Singh, N. P., McCoy, M. T., Tice, R. R. & Schneider, E. L. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res 175:184-191 (1988)   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Nair, S. C., Kurumboor, S. K. & Hasegawa, J. H. Saffron chemoprevention in biology and medicine: a review. Cancer Biother 10:257-264 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Hosseinzadeh, H., Modaghegh, M. H. & Saffari, Z. Crocus Sativus L. (saffron) extract and its active constituents (crocin and safranal) on ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle. eCAM (in press) (2008)
29 Abdullaev, F. I. et al. Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential antigenotoxic and cytotoxic effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Toxicol In Vitro 17:731-736 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Tice, R. R. et al. Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutagen 35:206-221 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
31 JEMS.MMS The atlas of chromosomal aberrations induced by chemicals. Asakura-Shoten, Tokyo (1988)
32 Clements, J. Gene mutation assays in mammalian cells. Methods in Molecular Biology 43:277-286 (1995)
33 Saleem, S. et al. Effect of saffron (Crocus sativus) on neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes in cerebral ischemia in rats. J Med Food 9:246-253 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Ames, B. N., Durston, W. E., Yamasaki, E. & Lee, F. D. Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:2281-2285 (1973)
35 Francis, F. J. Lesser-known food colorants. Food Technol 41(4):62-68 (1987)
36 Khan, N., Afaq, F. & Mukhtar, H. Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise. Antioxid Redox Signal 10:475-510 (2008)   DOI   ScienceOn