Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.4.582

Effects of Emulsified Sausage Supplemented with Ginseng Saponin on Lipid Metabolism in Rat  

Shim, Kwan-Seob (Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University)
Publication Information
Food Science of Animal Resources / v.30, no.4, 2010 , pp. 582-589 More about this Journal
Abstract
The current study was designed to assess the effects of emulsified sausage supplemented with ginseng saponin on lipid metabolism by applying a rat model. Four groups of 8 rats (5 wk old) were each allocated one of 4 treatments: basal feed (C), and basal feed with 20% sausage powder containing 0% (S0), 2% (S2) and 4% (S4) ginseng saponin. The experiment was conducted for 4 wk. The results did not differ among the treatments with different amounts of sausage (ST), but daily feed intake (p<0.01) and feed conversion (p<0.001) were significantly increased in STs compared to C. Both total serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) reduced, by 45 and 46%, and 48 and 46%, in S2 and S4, respectively, compared to S0. In the liver, the total cholesterol level was dramatically (p<0.05) decreased according to increasing sausage powder levels. In particular, S4 showed approximately 14% reduction compared to S0 (p<0.05). Liver triglyceride content also showed a similar tendency, where S2 and S4 resulted in 7% and 31% reduction. With regard to fatty acid composition in the liver tissues, palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1), eicosanoic acid (20:1), and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) did not differ among the STs, whereas both linoleic acid (18:2) (p<0.01) and linolenic acid (18:3) (p<0.001) showed significant increases in S2 compared to S0. The current data demonstrated that emulsified sausages supplemented with ginseng saponin effectively reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the serum and liver, and increase unsaturated and essential fatty acid in the liver. These data collectively imply that the sausage improved the overall lipid profile in a rat model, and can be further generalized to the result that emulsified sausage can improve lipid metabolism depending on the products' formula.
Keywords
emulsified sausage; ginseng; saponin; lipid metabolism; fatty acid composition;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By Web Of Science : 0  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 0
연도 인용수 순위
1 Cha, J. Y., Jun B. S., and Cho, Y. S. (2003) Effect of Korean red ginseng powder on the lipid concentrations and tissue lipid peroxidation in the rats fed high fat diet. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 32, 124-130.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Simopoulos, A. P. (1988) $\omega$-3 fatty acids in growth and development part II. The role of $\omega-3$ fatty acids in health and disease: Dietary implication. Nutrition today 23, 10-19.   DOI
3 Do, K. M., Park, Y. B., Bok, S. H., Lee, M. K., Jeong, T. S., and Choi, M. S. (2001) Alteration of lipid metabolism by ginseng supplements with different levels of vitamin E in high cholesterol-fed rats. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 6, 66-72.   과학기술학회마을
4 Inoue, M., Wu, C. Z., Dou, D. G., Chen, Y. J., and Ogihara, Y. (1999) Lipoprotein lipase activation by red ginseng saponins in hyperlipidemia model animals. Phytomedicine 6, 257-265.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Yoon, S. H. and Joo, C. N. (1993) Study on the preventive effect of ginsenosides against hypercholesterolemia and its mechanism. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 17, 1-12.   과학기술학회마을
6 Kim, B. K., Shin, G. K., Jeon, B. S. Bae, D. W., and Cha, J. Y. (2001) Cholesterol-lowering effect of mushroom powder in hyperlipidemic rats. J. Korean. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 30, 510-515.
7 Moir, A. M., Park, B. S., and Zammit, V. A. (1995) Quantification in vivo of the effects of different types of dietary fat on the loci of control involved in hepatic triacylglycerol secretion. Biochem. J. 308, 537-547.
8 Zhang, Y. G., Zhang, H. G., Zhang, G. Y., Fan, J. S., Li, X. H., Liu, Y. H., Li, S. H., Lian, X. M., and Tang, Z. (2008) Panax notoginseng saponins attenuate atherosclerosis in rats by regulating the blood lipid profile and an anti-inflammatory action. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 35, 1238-1244.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Yamamoto, M., Uemura, Nakama, S., Uemiya, M., and Kumagai, A. (1983) Serum HDL-cholesterol increasing and fatty liver improving actions of Panax ginseng in high cholesterol diet-fed rats with clinical effect on hyperlipidemia in man. Am. J. Chin. Med. 11, 96-101.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Yang, Y., Wu, T., He, K., and Fu, Z. G. (1999) Effect of aerobic exercise and ginsenosides on lipid metabolism in dietinduced hyperlipidemia mice. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 20, 563-565.
11 Lee, J. W., Lee, S. K., and Do, J. H. (2002) Comparison of the content of saponin and mineral component in Korean red ginseng and other ginseng. Ginseng Res. 26, 196-201.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Schaefer, E. J. (1995) Lipoproteins, nutrition, aging and atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 726.
13 Shephered, J., Packard, C. J., Grundy, S. M., Yeshumin, D., Gotto, A. M., and Taunton, O. D. (1980) Effect of saturated and unsaturated fat diets in the chemical composition and metabolism of low density lipoprotein in man. J. Lipid Res. 21, 91-9.
14 Stavro, P. M., Woo, M., Heim, T. F., Leiter, L. A., and Vuksan, V. (2005) North American ginseng exerts a neutral effect on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. Hypertension 46, 406-411.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Wen, Y., Pei, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Ma, Z., Wang, M., and Li, W. (1996) Effects of ginsenosides from stems and leaves on hyperlipemia induced by prednisone acetate in rabbits. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 21, 430-431, 448.
16 Lee, I. S., Lee, S., and Lee, I. Z. (2003) Effects of tissue cultured ginseng on blood glucose and lipids in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Korean J. Food Sci. Thechol. 35, 280-258.   과학기술학회마을
17 Lin, S. G., Zheng, X. L., Chen, Q. Y., and Sun, J. J. (1993) Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on increased proliferation of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated by hypercholesterolemic serum. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 14, 314-6.
18 Moon, K. S. (1985) Components and utilization of medical plants. Ilwonseogak Co., Seoul, Korea pp. 500 (in Korean).
19 Park, K. H., Shin, H. J., Song, Y. B., Hyun, H. C., Cho, H. Y., Ham, H. S., Yoo, Y. B., Ko, Y. C., Jun, W. T., and Park, H. J. (2002) Possible role of ginsenoside Rb1 on regulation of rat liver triglycerides. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25, 457-60.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Park, P. W. and Goins, R. E. (1999) In situ preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for analysis of fatty acid composition in foods. J. Food Sci. 59, 1262-1266.
21 Gordon, T., Casfelli, W. P., Hjortland, M. C., Kennel, W. B., and Dawher, T. R. (1997) High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart diseases, the Framingham study. Am. J. Med. 62, 707-714.
22 Pearson, A. M., Asghjar, A., Gray, J. I., and Booren, A. M. (1987) Impact of fat reduction on palatability and consumer acceptance of processed meat. Preced 46th Ann. Recip. Meat Conf. 40, 105-114.
23 SAS (1997) SAS/STAT Software for PC, SAS Institute INC, Cary, NC, USA.
24 Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972) Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18, 449-502.
25 Hamsten, A. (1988). Aplipoproteins dyslipoprotenaemia and premature coronary heart disease. Acta. Med. Scand. 223, 389-394.
26 Havel, R. J. (1961) Conversion of plasma free fatty acids into triglycerides of plasma lipoprotein fractions in man. Metabolism 10, 1031-1034.
27 Inkeles, S. and Eisenberg D. (1981) Hyperlipidemia and coronary antherosclerosis. Medicine 60, 110-123.
28 Joo, C. N., Choi, J. Y., and Lee, Y. W. (1987) Biosythesis of low density lipoprotein receptor: Stimulation of liver cholesterol metabolism by ginsenosides. Korean Biochem. J. 20, 368-372.
29 Joung, I. S. and Cho, Y. D. (1985) Effect of ginseng saponin fraction on absorption of cholesterol and serum lipid components. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 9, 222-239.   과학기술학회마을
30 Kang, B. H. and Joo, C. N. (1986) Biochemical studies on ginseng saponin (XXVI). The effect of ginseng saonin fraction on low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by rat and rabbit livers. Korean Biochem. J. 19, 168-172.   과학기술학회마을
31 Kurata, M., Narikawa, T., Waki, M., Koh, H., Maruyama, T., and Nambu, S. (1990) Relationships between serum cholesterol and obesity: A field study on nutritional background of hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Res. Cli. Pract. 10, 239-245.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Lee, H. K. (1996) Nutritional problems of Koreans: pattern of disease incidence and nutrition in Korea. Korean J. Nutr. 29, 381-383.
33 Brekhman, I. I. and Dardymov, I. V. (1969) New substances of plant origin which increase non-specific resistance. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 9, 419-430.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Cha, J. Y., Kim, H. J., Jun, B. S., and Cho, Y. S. (2000) Effect of water extract of leaves from Morus alba and Cudrania tricuspidata on the lipid concentration of serum and liver in rats. Agric. Chem. Biotehnol. 43, 303-308.
35 Folch, J., Lees, M., and Sloan-Stanley, G. H. (1957) A simple method for the isolstion and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Bio. Chem. 226, 497-507.
36 Cho, S. Y., Park, J. Y., and Jang, J. Y. (2000) Effect of dandelion leaf extracts on lipid metabolism in rats fed high cholesterol diet. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 675-682.   과학기술학회마을
37 Choi, S. H. and Chin, K. B. (2002) Development of low-fat comminuted sausage manufactured with various fat replacers similar textural characteristics to those with regularfat counterpart. Korean J. Food. Sci. Thechnol. 34, 577-582.   과학기술학회마을
38 Chung, Y. H., Hwng, Y. S., Joo, C. N., and Paik, Y. K. (1992) Effects of colestipol and ginseng saponin on the cholesterol metabolism in mice. J. Kor. Lipid. 2, 16-23.