Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0475

Insect as feed ingredients for pigs  

Hong, Jinsu (Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University)
Kim, Yoo Yong (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Animal Bioscience / v.35, no.2_spc, 2022 , pp. 347-355 More about this Journal
Abstract
Among edible insects, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and common housefly (Musca domestica) have been considered as an alternative protein source for pigs. Because they are easy to breed and grow in the organic wastes, and they have well-balanced nutritional value as a protein source for pigs. The black soldier fly larvae and mealworm could replace the fish meal in the diets for weaned pigs without adverse effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Black soldier fly could also be included in the finishing pig's diet without any negative effects on the growth performance and pork quality of the market pigs. Insect products showed a greater standardized ileal digestibility value of amino acids than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. Due to the limited amount of insect products used for pig feeding study, most previous pig studies have been conducted in weaned pigs. Thus, further study is needed about the optimal inclusion level of insect products in every phase diet from weaned pigs to sows. The use of insect products in swine diets has some challenges in terms of cost, supply, and safety. Lastly, intrinsic differences among insect species, processing method, and feeding phase should be taken into consideration for the use of insect products in the swine diets.
Keywords
Alternative Feed Ingredient; Insects; Insect Meal; Pig;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Ji YJ, Liu HN, Kong XF, et al. Use of insect powder as a source of dietary protein in early-weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:111-6. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9555   DOI
2 Ao X, Kim IH. Effects of dietary dried mealworm (Ptecticus tenebrifer) larvae on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Livest Sci 2019;230:103815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.031   DOI
3 Nakagaki BJ, Defoliart GR. Comparison of diets for mass-rearing Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) as a novelty food, and comparison of food conversion efficiency with values reported for livestock. J Econ Entomol 1991;84: 891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.3.891   DOI
4 Collavo A, Glew RH, Huang YS, et al. House cricket small-scale farming. In: Paoletti MG, editor. Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 2005. pp. 515-40.
5 Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, et al. Effect of dietary replacement of fishmeal by insect meal on growth performance, blood profiles and economics of growing pigs in Kenya. Animals 2019;9:705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100705   DOI
6 Liu H, Tan B, Kong X, et al. Dietary insect powder protein sources improve protein utilization by regulation on intestinal amino acid-chemosensing system. Animals 2020;10:1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091590   DOI
7 Jin XH, Heo PS, Hong JS, Kim NJ, Kim YY. Supplementation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016;29:979-86. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0535   DOI
8 Ao X, Yoo JS, Wu ZL, IH Kim. Can dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae replace fish meal in weaned pigs? Livest Sci 2020;239:104103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104103   DOI
9 Yoo JS, Cho KH, Hong JS, et al. Nutrient ileal digestibility evaluation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae compared to three animal protein by-products in growing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019;32:387-94. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0647   DOI
10 Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G, Ma X. Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019;10:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0358-1   DOI
11 Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Colombino E, et al. Effects of dietary Hermetia illucens meal inclusion on cecal microbiota and small intestinal mucin dynamics and infiltration with immune cells of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020;11:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-00466-x   DOI
12 Kar SK, Schokker D, Harms AC, Kruijt L, Smits MA, Jansman AJM. Local intestinal microbiota response and systemic effects of feeding black soldier fly larvae to replace soybean meal in growing pigs. Sci Rep 2021;11:15088. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94604-8   DOI
13 Altmann BA, Neumann C, Rothstein S, Liebert F, Morlein D. Do dietary soy alternatives lead to pork quality improvements or drawbacks? A look into micro-alga and insect protein in swine diets. Meat Sci 2019;153:26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.03.001   DOI
14 Crosbie M, Zhu C, Karrow NA, Huber LA. The effects of partially replacing animal protein sources with full fat black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) in nursery diets on growth performance, gut morphology, and immune response of pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2021;5:txab057. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab057   DOI
15 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). World livestock 2011 - Livestock in food security. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2011.
16 IFIF. What is the global feed industry [Internet]. International Feed Industry Federation Factsheet. Wiehl, Germany: International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF); 2019. https://ifif.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/IFIF-Fact-Sheet-October-11th-2019.pdf
17 Mottet A, de Haan C, Falcucci A, Tempio G, Opio C, Gerber P. Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate. Glob Food Sec 2017;14:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001   DOI
18 Sogari G, Amato M, Biasato I, Chiesa S, Gasco L. The potential role of insects as feed: a multi-perspective review. Animals 2019;9:119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040119   DOI
19 Spranghers T, Michiels J, Vrancx J, et al. Gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae for weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018;235:33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.012   DOI
20 Meyer S, Gessner DK, Braune MS, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the metabolic effects of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor L. in growing pigs by transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-0425-7   DOI
21 Li L, Zhao Z, Liu H. Feasibility of feeding yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) in bioregenerative life support systems as a source of animal protein for humans. Acta Astronaut 2013;92:103-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.03.012   DOI
22 Kroncke N, Grebenteuch S, Keil C, et al. Effect of different drying methods on nutrient quality of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). Insects 2019;10:84. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10040084   DOI
23 Mlcek J, Adamkova A, Adamek M, et al. Selected aspects of edible insect rearing and consumption-A review. Czech J Food Sci 2021;39:149-59. https://doi.org/10.17221/288/2020-CJFS   DOI
24 International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF). IPIFF guide on good hygiene practices. c2019 [cited 2019 Dec 1]. Available from: http://ipiff.org/good-hygiene-practices/
25 Makkar HPS, Tran G, Heuze V, Ankers P. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014;197:1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008   DOI
26 Crosbie M, Zhu C, Shoveller AK, Huber LA. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2020;4:txaa104. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa104   DOI
27 Nekrasov R, Zelenchenkova A, Chabaev M, Ivanov G, Antonov A, Pastukhova N. PSIII-37 Dried Black Soldier Fly larvae as a dietary supplement to the diet of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018;96:314. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky404.691   DOI
28 Biasato I, Renna M, Gai F, et al. Partially defatted black soldier fly larva meal inclusion in piglet diets: effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, gut morphology and histological features. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019;10:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0325-x   DOI
29 Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, et al. Black soldier fly larval meal in feed enhances growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality of finishing pigs. J Insects Food Feed 2021;7:433-47. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2020.0072   DOI
30 Allegretti G, Schmidt V, Talamini E. Insects as feed: species selection and their potential use in Brazilian poultry production. World's Poult Sci J 2017;73:928-37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004393391700054X   DOI
31 Van Broekhoven S, Gutierrez JM, De Rijk TC, De Nijs WCM, Van Loon JJA. Degradation and excretion of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol by an edible insect, the Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). World Mycotoxin J 2017;10: 163-9. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2016.2102   DOI
32 Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG. The superworm, Zophobas morio (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): a 'sleeping giant' in nutrient sources. J Insect Sci 2021;21:13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieab014   DOI
33 Hong J, Han T, Kim YY. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Larvae) as an alternative protein source for monogastric animal: a review. Animals 2020;10:2068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112068   DOI
34 Veldkamp T, Van Duinkerken G, Van Huis A, et al. Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets: a feasibility study= Insecten als duurzame diervoedergrondstof in varkens-en pluimveevoeders: een haalbaarheidsstudie, (No. 638). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen UR Livestock Research; 2012.
35 Dankwa D, Oddoye EOK, Mzamo KB. Preliminary studies on the complete replacement of fishmeal by house-fly-larvaemeal in weaner pig diets: Effects on growth rate, carcass characteristics, and some blood constituents. Ghana J Agric Sci 2000;33:223-7. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v33i2.1874   DOI
36 Makinde OJ. Maggot meal: A sustainable protein source for livestock production-A Review. Adv Life Sci Technol 2015; 31:35-41. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.835.5284&rep=rep1&type=pdf
37 Driemeyer H. Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as an alternative protein source in pig creep diets in relation to production, blood and manure microbiology parameters [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Stellenbosch University; 2016.
38 Moruzzo R, Riccioli F, Espinosa Diaz SE, Secci C, Poli G, Mancini S. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor): potential and challenges to promote circular economy. Animals, 2021;11:2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092568   DOI
39 Botella-Martinez C, Lucas-Gonzalez R, Perez-Alvarez JA, Fernandez-Lopez J, Viuda-Martos M. Assessment of chemical composition and antioxidant properties of defatted flours obtained from several edible insects. Food Sci Technol Int 2021;27:383-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013220958854   DOI
40 Lis, LB, Bakula T, Baranowski M, Czarnewicz A. The carcinogenic effects of benzoquinones produced by the flour beetle. Pol J Vet Sci 2011;14:159-64. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0025-8   DOI
41 Wynants E, Frooninckx L, Van Miert S, Geeraerd A, Claes J, Van Campenhout L. Risks related to the presence of Salmonella sp. during rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) for food or feed: Survival in the substrate and transmission to the larvae. Food Control 2019;100:227-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.026   DOI
42 Indexmundi. Soybean meal monthly price [internet]. c2021 [cited 2021 Oct 1]. Available from: https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=soybean-meal
43 Rumbos CI, Karapanagiotidis IT, Mente E, Psofakis P, Athanassiou CG. Evaluation of various commodities for the development of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Sci Rep 2020;10:11224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67363-1   DOI
44 Van Huis A, Van Itterbeeck J, Klunder H, et al. Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security (No. 171). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;2013.
45 Van Broekhoven S, Oonincx DGAB, Van Huis A, van Loon JJA. Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. J Insect Physiol 2015;73:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.12.005   DOI
46 Mlcek J, Adamek M, Adamkova A, Borkovcova M, Bednarova M, Skacel J. Detection of selected heavy metals and micronutrients in edible insect and their dependency on the feed using XRF spectrometry. Potravinarstvo Slovak J Food Sci 2017;11:725-30. https://doi.org/10.5219/850   DOI
47 Cho KH, Kang SW, Yoo JS, et al. Effects of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility in growing pigs compared to those of defatted mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2020;33:490-500. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0793   DOI
48 Ringseis R, Peter L, Gessner DK, Meyer S, Most E, Eder K. Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on the antioxidant status and stress response pathways in tissues of growing pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2021;75:237-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.1950106   DOI
49 Oonincx DGAB, Van Itterbeeck J, Heetkamp MJW, van den Brand H, van Loon JJA, van Huis A. An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PloS One 2010;5:e14445. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014445   DOI
50 Vandeweyer D, Milanovic V, Garofalo C, et al. Real-time PCR detection and quantification of selected transferable antibiotic resistance genes in fresh edible insects from Belgium and the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2019;290:288-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.027   DOI
51 Song YS, Kim MW, Moon C, et al. Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Entomol Res 2018;48:227-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12304   DOI
52 Tan X, Yang HS, Wang M, et al. Amino acid digestibility in housefly and black soldier fly prepupae by growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020;263:114446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114446   DOI
53 Shin CS, Kim DY, Shin WS. Characterization of chitosan extracted from Mealworm Beetle (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio) and Rhinoceros Beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) and their antibacterial activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019;125: 72-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.242   DOI
54 Ramos-Elorduy J, Gonzalez EA, Hernandez AR, Pino JM. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J Econ Entomol 2002;95:214-20. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.214   DOI