Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/JKAS.2015.48.6.365

MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS FROM NEWLY FORMED MASSIVE STARS  

KIM, KEE-TAE (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
KIM, WON-JU (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
KIM, CHANG-HEE (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
Publication Information
Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society / v.48, no.6, 2015 , pp. 365-380 More about this Journal
Abstract
We map 6 massive young stellar objects (YSOs) in the CO J=2-1 line and survey 18 massive YSOs, including the six, in the HCO+ J=1−0, SiO J=2−1, H2O 616 − 523 maser, and CH3OH 70 − 61 A+ maser lines. We detect CO bipolar outflows in all the six mapped sources. Four of them are newly discovered (07299−1651, 21306+5540, 22308+5812, 23133+6050), while 05490+2658 is mapped in the CO J=2-1 line for the first time. The detected outflows are much more massive and energetic than outflows from low-mass YSOs with masses >20 M⊙ and momenta >300 M⊙ km s−1. They have mass outflow rates (3−6)×10−4 M⊙ yr−1, which are at least one order of magnitude greater than those observed in low-mass YSOs. We detect HCO+ and SiO line emission in 18 (100%) and 4 (22%) sources, respectively. The HCO+ spectra show high-velocity wings in 11 (61%) sources. We detect H2O maser emission in 13 (72%) sources and 44 GHz CH3OH maser emission in 8 (44%) sources. Of the detected sources, 5 H2O and 6 CH3OH maser sources are new discoveries. 20081+3122 shows high-velocity (>30 km s−1) H2O maser lines. We find good correlations of the bolometric luminosity of the central (proto)star with the mechanical force, mechanical luminosity, and mass outflow rate of molecular outflow in the bolometric luminosity range of 10−1−106 L⊙, and identified 3 intermediate- or high-mass counterparts of Class O objects.
Keywords
ISM; jets and outflows — ISM; molecules — masers — stars; formation — stars; protostars;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Larionov, G. M., Val’tts, I. E., Winnberg, A., et al. 1999, Survey of Bipolar Outflows and Methanol Masers in the C32S (2–1) and CC34S (2–1) Lines in the Northern Sky, A&AS, 139, 257   DOI
2 Lebrón, M. E., Rodríguez, L. F., & Lizano, S. 2001, Observations of the Ionized, Neutral, and Molecular Components Associated with an Expanding H II Region, ApJ, 560, 806   DOI
3 Lee, S.-S., Byun, D.-Y., Oh, C.-S., et al. 2011, Single-Dish Performance of KVN 21 m Radio Telescopes: Simultaneous Observations at 22 and 43 GHz, PASP, 123, 1398   DOI
4 Minier, V., Burton, M. G., Hill, T., et al. 2005, Star-Forming Protoclusters Associated with Methanol Masers, A&A, 429, 945   DOI
5 Molinari, S., Brand, J., Cesaroni, R., et al. 1996, A Search for Precursors of Ultracompact HII Regions in a Sample of Luminous IRAS Sources. I. Association with Ammonia Cores, A&A, 308, 573
6 Nammahachak, S., Asanok, K., Hutawarakorn, K. B., et al. 2006, OH Masers Associated with Bipolar Outflow in ON1, MNRAS, 371, 619   DOI
7 Ochsenbein, F., Bauer, P., & Marcout, J. 2000, The VizieR Database of Astronomical Catalogues, A&AS, 143, 23   DOI
8 Osterloh, M., Henning, T., & Launhardt, R. 1997, Infrared Images and Millimeter Data from Cold Southern IRAS Sources, ApJS, 110, 71   DOI
9 Purcell, C. R., Balasubramanyam, R., Burton, M. G., et al. 2006, A CH3CN and HCO+ Survey towards Southern Methanol Masers Associated with Star Formation, MNRAS, 367, 553   DOI
10 Ridge, N. A., & Moore, T. J. T. 2001, A Single Distance Sample of Molecular Outflows from High-Mass Young Stellar Objects, MNRAS, 378, 495
11 Shepherd, D. S., & Churchwell, E. 1996a, High-Velocity Molecular Gas from High-Mass Star Formation Regions, ApJ, 457, 267   DOI
12 Shepherd, D. S., & Churchwell, E. 1996b, Bipolar Molecular Outflows in Massive Star Formation Regions, ApJ, 472, 225   DOI
13 Snell, R. L., Dickman, R. L., & Huang, Y.-L. 1990, Molecular Outflows Associated with a Flux-Limited Sample of Bright Far-Infrared Sources, ApJ, 352, 139   DOI
14 Sridharan, T. K., Beuther, H., Schilke, P., et al. 2002, High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. I. The Sample and Initial Results, ApJ, 566, 931   DOI
15 Szymczak, M., Hrynek, G., & Kus, A. J. 2000, A Survey of the 6.7 GHz Methanol Maser Emission from IRAS Sources. I. Data, A&AS, 143, 269   DOI
16 Szymczak, M., Bartkiewicz, A., & Richards, A. M. S. 2007, A Multi-Transition Molecular Line Study of Candidate Massive Young Stellar Objects Associated with Methanol Masers, A&A, 468, 617   DOI
17 Walsh, A. J., Burton, M. G., Hyland, A. R., et al. 1998, Studies of Ultracompact HII Regions – II. High-Resolution Radio Continuum and Methanol Maser Survey, MNRAS, 301, 640   DOI
18 Walsh, A. J., Bertoldi, F., Burton, M. G., et al. 2001, Mid-Infrared Observations of Methanol Maser Sites and Ultracompact H ii Regions: Signposts of High-Mass Star Formation, MNRAS, 326, 36   DOI
19 Wood, D. O. S., & Churchwell, E. 1989, Massive Stars Embedded in Molecular Clouds – Their Population and Distribution in the Galaxy, ApJ, 340, 265   DOI
20 Wouterloot, J. G. A., Brand, J., & Fiegle, K. 1993, IRAS Sources beyond the Solar Circle. III - Observations of H2O, OH, CH3OH and CO, A&AS, 98, 589
21 Wu, Y., Wei, Y., Zhao, M., et al. 2004, A Study of High Velocity Molecular Outflows with an Up-to-Date Sample, A&A, 426, 503   DOI
22 Wu, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, H., et al. 2005, CO J = 2-1 Maps of Bipolar Outflows in Massive Star-Forming Regions, AJ, 129, 330   DOI
23 Xu, Y., Shen, Z.-Q., Yang, J., et al. 2006, Molecular Outflows around High-Mass Young Stellar Objects, AJ, 132, 20   DOI
24 Zhang, Q., Hunter, T. R., Brand, J., et al. 2001, Search for CO Outflows toward a Sample of 69 High-Mass Protostellar Candidates: Frequency of Occurrence, ApJ, 552, L167   DOI
25 Zhang, Q., Hunter, T. R., Brand, J., et al. 2005, Search for CO Outflows toward a Sample of 69 High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. II. Outflow Properties, ApJ, 625, 864   DOI
26 Bachiller, R. 1996, Bipolar Molecular Outflows from Young Stars and Protostars, ARA&A, 34, 111   DOI
27 Bae, J.-H., Kim, K.-T., Youn, S.-Y., et al. 2011, A Multi-Epoch, Simultaneous Water and Methanol Maser Survey toward Intermediate-Mass Young Stellar Objects, ApJS, 196, 21   DOI
28 Beuther, H., Schilke, P., Menten, K. M., et al. 2002a, High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. II. Density Structure from Dust Continuum and CS Emission, ApJ, 566, 945   DOI
29 Beuther, H., Schilke, P., Sridharan, T. K., et al. 2002b, Massive Molecular Outflows, A&A, 383, 892   DOI
30 Bontemps, S., Andre, P., Terebey, S., et al. 1996, Evolution of Outflow Activity around Low-Mass Embedded Young Stellar Objects, A&A, 311, 858
31 Bronfman, L., Nyman, L.-A., & May, J. 1996, A CS (2–1) Survey of IRAS Point Sources with Color Characteristics of Ultra-Compact HII Regions, A&AS, 115, 81
32 Cabrit, S., & Bertout, C. 1992, CO Line Formation in Bipolar Flows. III - The Energetics of Molecular Flows and Ionized Winds, A&A, 261, 274
33 Churchwell, E., Walmsley, C. M., & Cesaroni, R. 1990, A Survey of Ammonia and Water Vapor Emission from Ultracompact HII Regions, A&AS, 83, 119
34 Cohen, R. J., Baart, E. E., & Jonas, J. L. 1988, OH Masers Associated wth IRAS Far-Infrared Sources, MNRAS, 231, 205   DOI
35 Comoretto, G., Palagi, F., Cesaroni, R., et al. 1990, The Arcetri Atlas of H2O Maser Sources, A&AS, 84, 179
36 Churchwell, E. 2002, Ultra-Compact HII Regions and Massive Star Formation, ARA&A, 40, 27   DOI
37 Edris, K. A., Fuller, G. A., & Cohen, R. J. 2007, A Survey of OH Masers towards High Mass Protostellar Objects, A&A, 465, 865   DOI
38 Fich, M. 1993, A VLA Survey of Optically Visible Galactic H II Regions, ApJS, 86, 475   DOI
39 Fontani, F., Cesaroni, R., & Furuya, R. S. 2010, Class I and Class II Methanol Masers in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions, A&A, 517, 56   DOI
40 Furuya, R. S., Kitamura, Y., Wootten, H. A., et al. 2001, Water Maser Survey toward Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects in the Northern Sky: Observational Constraints on Maser Excitation Conditions, ApJ, 559, L143   DOI
41 Harju, J., Lehtinen, K., Booth, R. S., et al. 1998, A Survey of SiO Emission towards Interstellar Masers. I. SiO Line Characteristics, A&AS, 132, 211   DOI
42 Haschick, A. D., & Ho, P. T. P. 1985, Formation of OB Clusters – CO, NH3, and H2O Observations of the Distant H II Region Complex in S128, ApJ, 292, 200   DOI
43 Haschick, A. D., Menten, K. M., & Baan, W. A. 1990, Detection of Widespread Strong Methanol Masers at 44 GHz, ApJ, 345, 556   DOI
44 Kang, H., Kim, K.-T., Byun, D.-Y., et al. 2015, Simultaneous Observation of Water and Class I Methanol Masers toward Class II Methanol Maser Sources, ApJS, 221, 6   DOI
45 Henning, T., Cesaroni, R., Walmsley, M., et al. 1992, Maser Search towards Young Stellar Objects, A&AS, 93, 525
46 Ho, P. T. P., Haschick, A. D., & Israel, F. P. 1981, OB Star Formation in the S128 Region, ApJ, 243, 526   DOI
47 Hunter, T. R., Churchwell, E., Watson, C., et al. 2000, 350 μm Images of Massive Star Formation Regions, AJ, 119, 2711   DOI
48 Kim, K.-T., Byun, D.-Y., Je, D.-H., et al. 2011, 100-GHz Band Test Observations of the KVN 21-m Radio Telescopes, JKAS, 44, 8
49 Kim, K.-T., & Kurtz, S. E. 2006, Occurrence Frequency of CO Outflows in Massive Protostellar Candidates, ApJ, 643, 978   DOI
50 Klaassen, P. D., & Wilson, C. D. 2007, Outflow and Infall in a Sample of Massive Star-Forming Regions, ApJ, 663, 1092   DOI
51 Klein, R., Posselt, B., Schreyer, K., et al. 2005, A Millimeter Continuum Survey for Massive Protoclusters in the Outer Galaxy, ApJS, 161, 361   DOI
52 Koo, B.-C., Park, Y.-S., Hong, S. S., et al. 2003, Performance of the SRAO 6-Meter Radio Telescope, JKAS, 36, 43
53 Kumar, M. S. N., Tafalla, M., & Bachiller, R. 2004, The Structure of the Onsala 1 Star Forming Region, A&A, 426, 195   DOI
54 Kurtz, S., Churchwell, E., & Wood, D. O. S. 1994, Ultracompact H II Regions. 2: New High-Resolution Radio Images, ApJS, 91, 659   DOI
55 Kurtz, S., & Hofner, P. 2005, Water Masers Toward Ultracompact H II Regions, AJ, 130, 711   DOI