Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/JKAS.2010.43.1.009

ASSOCIATION OF INFRARED DARK CLOUD CORES WITH YSOS: STARLESS OR STARRED IRDC CORES  

Kim, Gwan-Jeong (International Center for Astrophysics, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
Lee, Chang-Won (International Center for Astrophysics, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
Kim, Jong-Soo (International Center for Astrophysics, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
Lee, Youn-Gung (International Center for Astrophysics, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
Ballesteros-Paredes, Javier (Centro De Radioastronomia y Astrofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico)
Myers, Philip C. (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
Kurtz, S. (Centro De Radioastronomia y Astrofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico)
Publication Information
Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society / v.43, no.1, 2010 , pp. 9-23 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this paper we examined the association of Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) cores with YSOs and the geometric properties of the IRDC cores. For this study a total of 13,650 IRDC cores were collected mainly from the catalogs of the IRDC cores published from other studies and partially from our catalog of IRDC cores containing new 789 IRDC core candidates. The YSO candidates were searched for using the GLIMPSE, MSX, and IRAS point sources by the shape of their SED or using activity of water or methanol maser. The association of the IRDC cores with these YSOs was checked by their line-of-sight coincidence within the dimension of the IRDC core. This work found that a total of 4,110 IRDC cores have YSO candidates while 9,540 IRDC cores have no indication of the existence of YSOs. Considering the 12,200 IRDC cores within the GLIMPSE survey region for which the YSO candidates were determined with better sensitivity, we found that 4,098 IRDC cores (34%) have at least one YSO candidate and 1,072 cores among them seem to have embedded YSOs, while the rest 8,102 (66%) have no YSO candidate. Therefore, the ratio of [N(IRDC core with protostars)]/[N(IRDC core without YSO)] for 12,200 IRDC cores is about 0.13. Taking into account this ratio and typical lifetime of high-mass embedded YSOs, we suggest that the IRDC cores would spend about $10^4\sim10^5$ years to form high-mass stars. However, we should note that the GLIMPSE point sources have a minimum detectable luminosity of about $1.2 L_{\odot}$ at a typical IRDC core's distance of ~4 kpc. Therefore, the ratio given here should be a 100ver limit and the estimated lifetime of starless IRDC cores can be an upper limit. The physical parameters of the IRDC cores somewhat vary depending on how many YSO candidates the IRDC cores contain. The IRDC cores with more YSOs tend to be larger, more elongated, and have better darkness contrast than the IRDC cores with fewer or no YSOs.
Keywords
catalogs; dust, extinction; galaxy: general; infrared: ISM; ISM: clouds; ISM: structure;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 0  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 1
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Wood D. O. S. & Churchwell E., 1989b, The morphologies and physical properties of ultracompact H II regions, ApJS, 69, 831   DOI
2 Young, C. H., Jorgensen, J. K., Shirley, Y. L., Kauffmann, J., Huard, T., Lai, S.-P., Lee, C. W., Crapsi, A., Bourke, T. L., Dullemond, C. P., Brooke, T. Y., Porras, A., Spiesman, W., Allen, L. E., Blake, G. A., Evans,III, N. J., Harvey, P. M., Koerner, D. W., Mundy, L. G., Myers, P. C., Padgett, D. L., Sargent, A. I., Stapelfeldt, K. R., van Dishoeck, E. F., Bertoldi, F., Chapman, N., Cieza, L., DeVries, C. H., Ridge, N. A., & Wahhaj, Z. 2004, A "Starless" Core that Isn't: Detection of a Source in the L1014 Dense Core with the Spitzer Space Telescope, ApJS, 154, 396Āꡈ窙倀಄㿨ʻ騿Ȁ惘?⨀฀考憺Ȁ憺Ȁ̀￿￿𺦖⨀惘?⨀鄎돀⢝?⨀堘?⨀ズ?⨀椎돐傺?⨀??⨀墺?⨀䄎덐梺?⨀䀎‎歳来礱〰ㄴ䝇升䉏䔱䭈䈰弲〰㍟瘳ㅮㅟㄹ㌀睩灳礱〰ㄷ睩灳礱〰㈵睩灳礱〰㌳睩灳礱〰㌸睩灳礱〰㌹睩灳礱〰㐲睩灳礱〰㐵睩灳礱〰㐶睩灳礱〰㔰睩灳礱〰㔳멡Μ꥙睩灳礱〰㔴睩灳礱〰㔵睩灳礱〰㔶睩灳礱〰㔷멦Ξ鞱睩灳礱〰㔹睩灳礱〰멛΍硶䝇升䉏瘴の㈱〰㘱睩灳礱〰㘲睩灳礱〰㘴睩灳礱〰㘵睩灳礱〰㜳睩灳礱〰㤷   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Dunham, M. M., Evans, II, N. J., Bourke, T. L., Dullemond, C. P., Young, C. H., Brooke, T. Y., Chapman, N., Myers, P. C., Porras, A., Spiesman, W., Teuben, P. J., & Wahhaj, Z., 2006, The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. I. First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522, ApJ, 651, 945   DOI
4 Dunham, M. M., Crapsi, A., Evans, N. J., II, Bourke, T. L., Huard, T. L., Myers, P. C., & Kauffmann, J., 2008, Identifying the Low-Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores, ApJS, 179, 249   DOI
5 Egan, M. P., Shipman, R. F., Price, S. D., Carey, S. J., Clark, F. O., & Cohen, M., 1998, A Population of Cold Cores in the Galactic Plane, ApJ, 494, L199   DOI
6 Egan, M. P., Price, S. D., Shipman, R. F., Gugliotti, G. M., Tedesco, E. F., Moshir, M., & Cohen, M., 1999, The MSX Infrared Point Source Catalog, Version 1. 0, ASPC , 177, 404
7 Evans, II, N. J., Allen, L. E., Blake, G. A., Boogert, A. C. A., Bourke, T., Harvey, P. M., Kessler, J. E., Koerner, D. W., Lee, C. W., Mundy, L. G., Myers, P. C., Padgett, D. L., Pontoppidan, K., Sargent, A. I., Stapelfeldt, K. R., van Dishoeck, E. F., Young, C. H., & Young, K. E., 2003, From Molecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks: An SIRTF Legacy Program, PASP, 115, 965   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Fazio, G. G., Hora, J. L. and Allen, L. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Barmby, P., Deutsch, L. K., Huang, J.-S., Kleiner, S., Marengo, M., Megeath, S. T., Melnick, G. J., Pahre, M. A., Patten, B. M., Polizotti, J., Smith, H. A., Taylor, R. S., Wang, Z., Willner, S. P., Hoffmann, W. F., Pipher, J. L., Forrest, W. J., McMurty, C. W., McCreight, C. R., McKelvey, M. E., McMurray, R. E., Koch, D. G., Moseley, S. H., Arendt, R. G., Mentzell, J. E., Marx, C. T., Losch, P., Mayman, P., Eichhorn, W., Krebs, D., Jhabvala, M., Gezari, D. Y., Fixsen, D. J., Flores, J., Shakoorzadeh, K., Jungo, R., Hakun, C., Workman, L., Karpati, G., Kichak, R., Whitley, R., Mann, S., Tollestrup, E. V., Eisenhardt, P., Stern, D., Gorjian, V., Bhattacharya, B., Carey, S., Nelson, B. 0., Glaccum, W. J., Lacy, M., Lowrance, P. J., Laine, S., Reach, W. T., Stauffer, J. A., Surace, J. A., Wilson, G., Wright, E. L., Hoffman, A., Domingo, G. & Cohen, M., 2004, The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope, ApJS, 154, 10   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Allen, L., Megeath, S. T., Gutermuth, R., Myers, P. C., Wolk, S., Adams, F. C., Muzerolle, J., Young, E., & Pipher, J. L., 2007, The Structure and Evolution of Young Stellar Clusters, Protostars and Planets V, 361
10 Fiege, J. D., Johnstone, D., Redman, R. O., & Feldman, P. A., 2004, A Genetic Algorithm-based Exploration of Three Filament Models: A Case for the Magnetic Support of the G11.11-0.12 Infrared-dark Cloud, ApJ, 616, 925   DOI
11 Bally, J. & Zinnecker, H., 2005, The Birth of High-Mass Stars: Accretion and/or Mergers-, AJ, 129, 2281   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Benjamin, R. A., Churchwell, E., Babler, B. L., Bania, T. M., Clemens, D. P., Cohen, M., Dickey, J. M., Indebetouw, R., Jackson, J. M., Kobulnicky, H. A., Lazarian, A., Marston, A. P., Mathis, J. S., Meade, M. R., Seager, S., Stolovy, S. R., Watson, C., Whitney, B. A., Wolff, M. J., & Wolfire, M. G. 2003, GLIMPSE. I. An SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy, PASP, 115, 953   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Beuther, H., Sridharan, T. K., & Saito, M., 2005, Caught in the Act: The Onset of Massive Star Formation, ApJ, 634, L185   DOI
14 Beuther, H., Churchwell, E. B., McKee, C. F., & Tan, J. C., 2007, The Formation of Massive Stars, Proto-stars and Planets V, 165
15 Bourke, T. L., Myers, P. C., Evans, II, N. J., Dunham, M. M., Kauffmann, J., Shirley, Y. L., Crapsi, A., Young, C. H., Huard, T. L., Brooke, T. Y., Chapman, N., Cieza, L., Lee, C. W., Teuben, P., & Wahhaj, Z. 2006, The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. II. Discovery of a Low-Luminosity Object in the "Evolved Starless Core" L1521F, ApJ, 649, L37   DOI
16 Carey, S. J., Clark, F. O., Egan, M. P., Price, S. D., Shipman, R. F., & Kuchar, T. A., 1998, The Physical Properties of the Midcourse Space Experiment Galactic Infrared-dark Clouds, ApJ, 508, 721   DOI
17 Pestalozzi, M. R., 2007, Methanol masers as tools to study high-mass star formation, lAU Symposium, 242, 89
18 Carey, S. J., Feldman, P. A., Redman, R. 0., Egan, M. P., MacLeod, J. M., & Price, S. D., 2000, Submillimeter Observations of Midcourse Space Experiment Galactic Infrared-Dark Clouds, ApJ, 543, L157   DOI
19 Churchwell, E., 1990, Ultracompact H II regions - The impact of newly formed massive stars on their environment, A&A Rev., 2, 79   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Pestalozzi, M. R. & Minier, V., 2003, General Catalogue of 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005), VizieR Online Data Catalog, 343, 20737
21 Pillai, T., Wyrowski, F., Carey, S. J., & Menten, K. M., 2006, Ammonia in infrared dark clouds, A&A, 450, 569   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Price, S. D., 1995, Infrared Astronomy on the Midcourse Space Experiment, Space Science Reviews, 74, 81   DOI
23 Rathborne, J. M., Simon, R., & Jackson, J. M., 2007, The Detection of Protostellar Condensations in Infrared Dark Cloud Cores, ApJ, 662, 1082   DOI
24 Ragan, S. E., Bergin, E. A., Plume, R., Gibson, D. L., Wilner, D. J., O'Brien, S., & Hails, E., 2006, Molecular Line Observations of Infrared Dark Clouds: Seeking the Precursors to Intermediate and Massive Star Formation, ApJS, 166, 567   DOI
25 Rathborne, J. M., Jackson, J. M., Chambers, E. T., Simon, R., Shipman, R., & Frieswijk, W., 2005, Massive Protostars in the Infrared Dark Cloud MSXDC G034.43+00.24, ApJ, 630, L181   DOI
26 Rathborne, J. M., Jackson, J. M., & Simon, R., 2006, Infrared Dark Clouds: Precursors to Star Clusters, ApJ, 641,389   DOI
27 Jackson, J. M., Rathborne, J. M., Shah, R. Y., Simon, R., Bania, T. M., Clemens, D. P., Chambers, E. T., Johnson, A. M., Dormody, M., Lavoie, R., & Heyer, M. H., 2006, The Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey, ApJS, 163, 145   DOI
28 Greene, T. P., Wilking, B. A., Andre, P., Young, E. T., & Lada, C. J., 1994, Further mid-infrared study of the rho Ophiuchi cloud young stellar population: Luminosities and masses of pre-main-sequence stars, ApJ, 434, 614   DOI
29 Garay, G., Faundez, S., Mardones, D., Bronfman, L., Chini, R., & Nyman, L.-A. 2004, Discovery of Four New Massive and Dense Cold Cores, ApJ, 610, 313   DOI
30 Hennebelle, P., Perault, M., Teyssier, D., & Ganesh, S., 2001, Infrared dark clouds from the ISOGAL survey. Constraints on the interstellar extinction curve, A&A, 365, 598   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Lee, C. W. & Myers, P. C., 1999, A Catalog of Optically Selected Cores, ApJS, 123, 233   DOI
32 Lee, C. W., Bourke, T. L., Myers, P. C., Dunham, M., Evans, N., Lee, Y., Huard, T., Wu, J., Gutermuth, R., Kim, M.-R., & Kang, H. W., 2009, The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. V. Discovery of a VeLLO in the "Starless" Dense Core L328, ApJ, 693, 1290   DOI
33 Ormel, C. W., Shipman, R. F., Ossenkopf, V., & Helmich, F. P., 2005, The modelling of infrared dark cloud cores, A&A, 439, 613   DOI
34 Motte, F., Bontemps, S., Schilke, P., Schneider, N., Menten, K. M., & Broguiere, D., 2007, The earliest phases of high-mass star formation: a 3 square degree millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X, A&A, 476, 1243   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Myers, P. C., Fuller, G. A., Mathieu, R. D., Beichman, C. A., Benson, P. J., Schild, R. E., & Emerson, J. P., 1987, Near-infrared and optical observations of IRAS sources in and near dense cores, ApJ, 319, 340   DOI
36 Norberg, P. & Maeder, A., 2000, On the formation of massive stars by accretion, A&A, 359, 1025
37 Parsons, H., Thompson, M. A., & Chrysostomou, A., 2009, Infrared dark cloud cores in the SCUBA Legacy Catalogue, MNRAS, 399, 1506   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Perault, M., Omont, A., Simon, G., Seguin, P., Ojha, D., Blommaert, J., Felli, M., Gilmore, G., Guglielmo, F., Habing, H., Price, S., Robin, A., de Batz, B., Cesarsky, C., Elbaz, D., Epchtein, N., Fouque, P., Guest, S., Levine, D., Pollock, A., Prusti, T., Siebenmorgen, R., Testi, L. & Tiphene, D., 1996, First ISOCAM images of the Milky Way, A&A, 315, L165
39 Peretto, N. & Fuller, G. A., 2009, The initial conditions of stellar protocluster formation. I. A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds, A&A, 505, 405   DOI
40 Rathborne, J. M., Jackson, J. M., Zhang, Q., & Simon, R., 2008, Submillimeter Array Observations of Infrared Dark Clouds: A Tale of Two Cores, ApJ, 689, 1141   DOI
41 Redman, R. O., Feldman, P. A., Wyrowski, F., Cote, S., Carey, S. J., & Egan, M. P., 2003, Interactions between a Bright Young Stellar Object and the Midcourse Space Experiment Infrared-dark Cloud G79.3+0.3: An Early Stage of Triggered Star Formation-, ApJ, 586, 1127   DOI
42 Shu, F. H., Adams, F. C., & Lizano, S., 1987, Star formation in molecular clouds - Observation and theory, ARA&A, 25, 23   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Simon, R., Jackson, J. M., Rathborne, J. M., & Chambers, E. T., 2006a, A Catalog of Midcourse Space Experiment Infrared Dark Cloud Candidates, ApJ, 639, 227   DOI
44 Simon, R., Rathborne, J. M., Shah, R. Y., Jackson, J. M., & Chambers, E. T., 2006b, The Characterization and Galactic Distribution of Infrared Dark Clouds, ApJ, 653, 1325   DOI
45 Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Rathborne, J. M., Jackson, J., & Wu, Y., 2006, Water Masers Associated with Infrared Dark Cloud Cores, ApJ, 651, L125   DOI
46 Sridharan, T. K., Beuther, H., Schilke, P., Menten, K. M., & Wyrowski, F., 2002, High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. I. The Sample and Initial Results, ApJ, 566, 931   DOI
47 Van der Walt, J., 2005, On the number and lifetime of 6.7-GHz methanol masers, MNRAS, 360, 153   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Sridharan, T. K., Beuther, H., Saito, M., Wyrowski, F., & Schilke, P., 2005, High-Mass Starless Cores, ApJ, 634, L57   DOI
49 Teyssier, D., Hennebelle, P., & Perault, M., 2002, Radio-millimetre investigation of galactic infrared dark clouds, A&A, 382, 624   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Valdettaro, R., Palla, F., Brand, J., Cesaroni, R., Comoretto, G., di, F. S., Felli, M., Natale, E., Palagi, F., Panella, D., & Tofani, G., 2001, Arcetri Catalog of H2O maser sources. Update. (Valdettaro+, 2001), VizieR Online Data Catalog, 336, 80845
51 Weintraub, D. A., 1990, A catalog of pre- main-sequence emission-line stars with IRAS source associations, ApJS, 74, 575   DOI
52 Wood D. O. S. & Churchwell E., 1989a, Massive stars embedded in molecular clouds - Their population and distribution in the galaxy, ApJ, 340, 265   DOI