Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7464/ksct.2013.19.4.355

Pre-treatment Technology of Wastewater Sludge for Enhanced Biogas Production in Anaerobic Digestion  

Kim, Dong-Jin (Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology & Institute of Energy and Environment, Hallym University)
Publication Information
Clean Technology / v.19, no.4, 2013 , pp. 355-369 More about this Journal
Abstract
Economic feasibility is one of the most important factors in energy production from regenerative biomass. From the aspect, biogas from anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge is regarded as the most economical because of its cheap substrate and additional income from the disposal of waste sludge. Sludge hydrolysis has been regarded as the rate limiting step of anaerobic digestion and many sludge pre-treatment technologies have been developed to accelerate anaerobic sludge digestion for enhanced biogas production. Various sludge pre-treatment technologies including biological, thermo hydrolysis, ultrasonic, and mechanical methods have been applied to full-scale systems. Sludge pre-treatment increased the efficiency of anaerobic digestion by enhancing hydrolysis, reducing residual soilds, and increasing biogas production. This paper introduces the characteristics of various sludge pre-treatment technologies and the energy balance and economic feasibility of each technology were compared to prepare a guideline for the selection of feasible pre-treatment technology. It was estimated that thermophilic digestion and thermal hydrolysis were most economical technology followed by Cell rupture$^{TM}$, OpenCEL$^{TM}$, MicroSludge$^{TM}$, and ultrasound. The cost for waste sludge disposal shares the biggest portion in the economic analysis, therefore, water content of the waste sludge was the most important factor to be controlled.
Keywords
Sludge pre-treatment; Anaerobic digestion; Biogas; Economic analysis; Energy balance;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Gujer, W., and Zehnder, A. J. B., "Conversion Processes in Anaerobic Digestion," Water Sci. Technol., 15(8-9), 127-167 (1983).
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion
3 Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degreve, J., and Dewil, R., "Principles and Potential of the Anaerobic Digestion of Waste-activated Sludge," Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 34, 755-781 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Carrere, H., Dumas, C., Battimelli, A., Batstone, D. J., Delgene, J. P., Steyer, J. P., and Ferrer, I., "Pretreatment Methods to Improve Sludge Anaerobic Degradability: A Review," J. Hazard. Mat., 183, 1-15 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Rudolfs, W., and Heukelelian, H., "Thermophilic Digestion of Sewage Sludge Solids. I.-Preliminary Paper," Ind. Eng. Chem., 22, 96-99 (1930).   DOI
6 Roberts, R., Son, L., Davies, W. J., and Forster, C. F., "Two Stage, Thermophilic/Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge," Trans. Chem., 77(B), 93-97 (1999).
7 Oles, J., Dichtl, N., and Niehoff, H. H., "Full Scale Experience of Two Stage Thermophilic/Mesophilic Sludge Digestion," Water Sci. Technol., 36(6-7), 449-456 (1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Aoki, N., and Kawase, M., "Development of High-performance Thermophilic Two Phase Digestion Process," Water Sci. Technol., 23, 1147-1156 (1991).
9 Ferrer, I., Vazquez, F., and Font, X., "Long Term Operation of a Thermophilic Anaerobic Reactor: Process Stability and Efficiency at Decreasing Sludge Retention Time," Biores. Technol., 101, 2972-2980 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Song, Y. C., Kwon, S. J., and Woo, J. H., "Mesophilic and Thermophilic Temperature Co-phase Anaerobic Digestion Compared with Single Stage Mesophilic and Thermophilic Digestion of Sewage Sludge," Water Res., 38, 1653-1662(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Ponsa, S., Ferrer, I., Vazquez, F., and Font, X., "Optimization of the Hydrolytic Acidogenic Anaerobic Digestion Stage ($55^{\circ}C$) of Sewage Sludge: Influence of pH and Solid Content," Water Res., 42, 3972-3980 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Ge, H., Jensen, P. D., and Batstone, D. J., "Pre-treatment Mechanisms during Thermophilic-mesophilic Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion of Primary Sludge," Water Res., 44, 123-130 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Cabirol, N., Oropeza, M. R., and Noyola, A., "Removal of Helminth Eggs, and Fecal Coliforms by Anaerobic Thermophilic Sludge Digestion," Water Sci. Technol., 45(10), 269-274 (2002).
14 De Leon, C., and Jenkins, D., "Removal of Fecal Coliforms by Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion," Water Sci. Technol., 46(10), 147-152 (2002).
15 Hartmann, H., and Ahring, B. K., "A Novel Process Configuration for Anaerobic Digestion of Source-sorted Household Waste Using Hyper-thermophilic Posttreatment," Biotechnol. Bioeng., 90, 830-837 (2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Kalogo, Y., and Monteith, H., "State of Science Report: Energy and Resource Recovery from Sludge," Water Environment Research Foundation, 2008.
17 Muller, J. A., "Pretreatment Processes for the Recycling and Reuse of Sewage Sludge," Water Sci. Technol., 42, 167-174 (2000).
18 Wang, X., Qiu, Z. F., Lu, S. G., and Ying, W. C., "Characteristics of Organic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Species Released from Ultrasonic Treatment of Waste Activated Sludge," J. Hazard. Mater., 176, 35-40 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Yin, G. Q., Liao, P. H., and Lo, K. V., "An Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide/Microwave Enhanced Advanced Oxidation Process for Sewage Sludge Treatment," J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A., 42, 1177-1181 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Le Corre, K. S., Valsami-Jones, E., Hobbs, P., and Parsons, S. A., "Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater by Struvite Crystallization: A Review," Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 433-477 (2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Suschka, J., Machnicka, A., and Grubel, K., "Surplus Activated Sludge Disintegration for Additional Nutrients Removal," Arch. Environ. Prot., 33, 55-65 (2007).
22 Marti, N., Ferrer, J., Seco, A., and Bouzas, A., "Optimisation of Sludge Line Management to Enhance Phosphorus Recovery in WWTP," Water Res., 42, 4609-4618 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Marti, N., Pastor, L., Bouzas, A., Ferrer, J., and Seco, A., "Phosphorus Recovery by Struvite Crystallization in WWTPs: Influence of the Sludge Treatment Line Operation," Water Res., 44, 2371-2379 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Zhang, C., and Chen, Y. G., "Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Sludge-fermentation Liquid Mixture and Application of the Fermentation Liquid to Enhance Municipal Wastewater Biological Nutrient Removal," Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6164-6170 (2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Pastor, L., Mangin, D., Ferrer, J., and Seco, A., "Struvite Formation from the Supernatants of an Anaerobic Digestion Pilot Plant," Bioresour. Technol., 101, 118-125 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Bougrier, C., Delgenes, J. P., and Carrere, H., "Combination of Thermal Treatments and Anaerobic Digestion to Reduce Sewage Sludge Quantity and Improve Biogas Yield," Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 84, 280-284 (2006).   DOI
27 Kim, J., Park, C., Kim, T. H., Lee, M., Kim, S., Kim, S. W., and Lee, J., "Effects of Various Pretreatments for Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion with Waste Activated Sludge," J. Biosci. Bioeng., 95, 271-275 (2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Whitlock, D., Sandino, J., Novak, J., Johnson, B., and Fillmore, L. "Evaluation Methology Framework for Processes to Reduce Waste Activated Solids, 2010 WEF Residuals and Biosolids Conference, (2010).
29 Yang, X., Wang, X., and Wang, L., "Transferring of Components and Energy Output in Industrial Sewage Sludge Disposal by Thermal Pretreatment and Two-phase Anaerobic Process," Bioresour. Technol., 101, 2580-2584 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Muller, J. A., Winter, A., and Strunkmann, G., "Investigation and Assessment of Sludge Pre-treatment Processes," Water Sci. Technol., 49, 97-104 (2004).
31 Dhar, B. R, Nakhla, G., and Ray, M. B., "Techno-economic Evaluation of Ultrasound and Thermal Pretreatments for Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Waste Activated Sludge," Waste Manage., 32, 542-549 (2012).   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Machnicka, A., Grubel, K., and Suschka, J., "The Use of Hydrodynamic Disintegration as a Means to Improve Anaerobic Digestion of Activated Sludge," Water SA, 35, 129-132 (2009).
33 Kim, D. J., and Youn, Y., "Characteristics of Ssludge Hydrolysis by Ultrasound and Thermal Pretreatment at Low Temperature," Korean J. Chem. Eng., 28, 1876-1881 (2011).   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Chu, C. P., Lee, D. J., Chang, B. V., You, C. S., and Tay, J. H., "Weak Ultrasonic Pre-treatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Flocculated Activated Biosolids," Water Res., 36, 2681-2688 (2002).   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Suslick, K. S., Ultrasound : Its Chemical, Physical, and Biological Effects, VCH Publishers, New York, 1988.
36 Tiehm, A., Nickel, K., and Neis, U., "The Use of Ultrasound to Accelerate the Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge," Water Sci. Technol., 36, 121-128 (1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Wang, F., Ji, M., and Lu, S., "Influence of Ultrasonic Disintegration on the Dewaterability of Waste Activated Sludge," Environ. Prog., 25, 257-260 (2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Timothy, G., and Leighton, M., "What is Ultrasound," Prog. Biophy. Mol. Biol., 93, 3-83 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Van Bavel, E., "Effects of Shear Stress on Endothelial Cells: Possible Relevance for Ultrasound Applications," Prog. Biophy. Mol. Biol., 93, 374-383 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Bougrier, C., Carrere, H., and Delgenes, J. P., "Solubilisation of Waste-activated Sludge by Ultrasonic Treatment," Chem. Eng. J., 106, 163-169 (2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Pilli, S., Bhunia, P., Yan, S., LeBlanc, R. J., Tyagi, R. D., and Surampalli, R. Y., "Ultrasonic Pretreatment of Sludge: A Review," Ultrason. Sonochem., 18, 1-18 (2011).   DOI   ScienceOn
42 http://www.ovivowater.com
43 http://www.sonico.net
44 Onyeche, T. I., "Economic Benefits of Low Pressure Sludge Homogenization for Wastewater Treatment Plants," IWA Specialist Conferences, Moving forward Wastewater Biosolids Sustainability, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, 2007.
45 http://www.sludgedisintegration.com
46 http://www.ecosolids.com/
47 Dohanyos, M., Zabranska, J., and Jenicek, P., "Enhancement of Sludge Anaerobic Digestion by Using of a Special Thickening Centrifuge," Water Sci. Technol., 36, 145-153 (1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Zabranska, J., Dohanyos, M., Jenicek, P., and Kutil, J., "Disintegration of Excess Activated Sludge-Evaluation and Experience of Full-scale Applications," Water Sci. Technol., 53, 229-236 (2006).
49 Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F., and Stensel, H., Metcalf and Eddy Inc. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, 2003, pp. 799-816.
50 http://www.opencell.com
51 Watts, S., Hamilton, G., and Keller, J., "Two-stage Thermophilic- mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge from a Biological Nutrient Removal Plant," Water Sci. Technol., 53, 149-157 (2006).
52 Bougrier, C., Battimelli, A., Delgenes, J. P., and Carrere, H., "Combined Ozone Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion for the Reduction of Biological Sludge Production in Wastewater Treatment," Ozone-Sci. Eng., 29, 201-206 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Rivero, J. A. C., Madhavan, N., Suidan, M. T., Ginestet, P., and Audic, J. M., "Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Excess Municipal Sludge with Thermal and/or Oxidative Treatment," J. Environ. Eng. ASCE, 132, 638-644 (2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Song, J. J., Takeda, N., and Hiraoka, M., "Anaerobic Treatment of Sewage Treated by Catalytic Wet Oxidation Process in Upflow Anaerobic Blanket Reactors," Water Sci. Technol., 26(3-4), 867-875 (1992).   DOI
55 Barlindhaug, J., and Odegaard, H., "Thermal Hydrolysate as a Carbon Source for Denitrification," Water Sci Technol., 33, 99-108 (1996).
56 Gavala, H., Yenal, U., Skiadas, I., Westermann, P., and Ahring, B., "Mesophilic and Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Primary and Secondary Sludge. Effect of Pre-treatment at Elevated Temperature," Water Res., 37, 4561-4572 (2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Ferrer, I., Climent, M., Baeza, M. M., Artola, A., Vazquez, F., and Font, X., "Effect of Sludge Pretreatment on Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion," Proceedings of the IWA Specialised Conference on Sustainable Sludge Management: Stateof- the-art, Challenges and Perspectives, May 29-31, Moscow, Russia, (2006).
58 http://www.veoliawaterst.com/biothelys/en/
59 Valo, A., Carrere, H., and Delgene, J., "Thermal, Chemical and Thermo-chemical Pretreatment of Waste Activated Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 79, 1197-1203 (2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Panter, K., and Kleiven, H., "Ten Years Experience of Full Scale Thermal Hydrolysis Projects," 10th European Biosolids and Biowastes Conference, Wakefield, UK, (2005).
61 http://www.veoliawaterst.com/exelys/en/
62 Evans, T. D., "Independent review of retrofitting Cambi to MAD," Water Environment Federation 17th Annual Residuals & Biosolids Conference, Feb. 19-22, Baltimore MD, (2003).
63 Chu, C. P., Chang, B. V., Liao, G. S., Jean, D. S., and Lee, D. J., "Observations on Changes in Ultrasonically Treated Waste Activated Sludge," Water Res., 35, 1038-1046 (2001).   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Laborde, J. L., Bouyer, C., Caltagirone, J. P., and Gerard, A., "Acoustic Bubble Cavitation at Low Frequencies," Ultrason., 36, 589-594 (1998).   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Save, S., Pandit, A., and Joshi, J., "Microbial Cell Disruption: Role of Cavitation," Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J., 55, B67-B72 (1994).   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Shirgaonkar, I. Z., and Pandit, A. B., "Sonophotochemical Destruction of Aqueous Solution of 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol," Ultrason. Sonochem., 5, 53-61 (1998).   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Balasundaram, B., and Pandit, A., "Selective Release of Invertase by Hydrodynamic Cavitation," Biochem. Eng. J., 8, 251-256 (2001).   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Gogate, P. R., and Kabadi, A. M., "A Review of Applications of Cavitation in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology," Biochem. Eng. J., 44, 60-72 (2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Kim, J., Park, C., Kim, T. H., Lee, M., Kim, S., Kim, S. W., and Lee, J., "Effects of Various Pretreatments for Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion with Waste Activated Sludge," J. Biosci. Bioeng., 95, 271-275 (2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Tanaka, S., Kobayashi, T., Kamiyama, K. I., and Bildan, L. N. S., "Effects of Thermochemical Pretreatment on the Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge," Water Sci. Technol., 35, 209-215 (1997).   DOI
71 Valo, A., Carrere, H., and Delgenes, J. P., "Thermal, Chemical and Thermo-chemical Pretreatment of Waste Activated Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 79, 1197-1203 (2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Mouneimne, A. H., Carrere, H., Bernet, N., and Delgenes, J. P., "Effect of Saponification on the Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Fatty Residues," Bioresour. Technol., 90, 89-94 (2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Everret, J. G., "The Effect of pH on the Heat Treatment of Sewage Sludges," Water Res., 8, 899-906 (1974).   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Heo, N. H., Park, S. C., and Lee, J. S., "Single-stage Anaerobic Codigestion for Mixture Wastes of Simulated Korean Food Waste and Waste Activated Sludge," Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 105, 567-579 (2003).
75 Jolly, M., and Gillard, J., "The Economics of Advanced Digestion," 14th European Biosolids and Organic Resources Conference and Exhibition, Nov. 9-11, Leeds, UK, (2009).
76 Crawford, G., and Sandino, J., Energy Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment in North America: a Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies of Novel Approaches, IWA Publishing, London, 2010, pp. 3-14-3-19.
77 Yasui, H., and Shibata, M., "An Innovative Approach to Reduce Excess Sludge Production in the Activated Sludge Ppocess," Water Sci. Technol., 30(9), 11-20 (1994).
78 Weemaes, M., Grootaerd, H., Simoens, F., and Verstraete, W., "Anaerobic Digestion of Ozonized Biosolids," Water Res., 34, 2330-2336 (2000).   DOI   ScienceOn
79 Sakai, Y., Fukasu, T., Yasui, H., and Shibata, M., "An Activated Sludge Process without Excess Sludge Production," Water Sci. Technol., 36(11), 163-170 (1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
80 Chu, L. B., Yan, S. T., Xing, X. H., Sun, X. L., and Jurcik, B., "Progress and Perspectives of Sludge Ozonation as a Powerful Pretreatment Method for Minimization of Excess Sludge Production," Water Res., 43, 1811-1822 (2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Yeom, I. T., Lee, K. R., Lee, Y. H., Ahn, K. H., and Lee, S. H., "Effects of Ozone Treatment on the Biodegradability of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants," Water Sci. Technol., 46(4-5), 421-425 (2002).
82 Goel, R., Tokutomi, T., Yasui, H., and Noike, T., "Optimal Process Configuration for Anaerobic Digestion with Ozonation," Water Sci. Technol., 48(4), 85-96 (2003).
83 Battimelli, A., Millet, C., Delgenes, J. P., and Moletta, R., "Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge Combined with Ozone Post-treatment and Recycling," Water Sci. Technol., 48(4), 61-68 (2003).
84 Lu, J. Q., Gavala, H. N., Skiadas, I. V., Mladenovska, Z., and Ahring, B. K., "Improving Anaerobic Sewage Sludge Digestion by Implementation of a Hyper-thermophilic Prehydrolysis Step," J. Environ. Manage., 88, 881-889 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
85 Gavala, H. N., Yenal, U., Skiadas, I. V., Westermann, P., and Ahring, B. K., "Mesophilic and Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Primary and Secondary Sludge," Effect of Pretreatment at Elevated Temperature," Water Res., 37, 4561-4572 (2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Ferrer, I., Serrano, E., Ponsa, S., Vazquez, F., and Font, X., "Enhancement of Thermophilic Anaerobic Sludge Digestion by $70^{\circ}C$ Pre-treatment: Energy Considerations," J. Residuals Sci. Technol., 6, 11-18 (2009).
87 Climent, M., Ferrer, I., Baeza, M. D., Artola, A., Vazquez, F., and Font, X., "Effects of Thermal and Mechanical Pretreatments of Secondary Sludge on Biogas Production under Thermophilic Conditions," Chem. Eng. J., 133, 335-342 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
88 Bolzonella, D., Pavan, P., Zanette, M., and Cecchi, F., "Twophase Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge: Effect of an Extreme Thermophilic Prefermentation," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 6650-6655 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
89 Ferrer, I., Ponsa, S., Vazquez, F., and Font, X., "Increasing Biogas Production by Thermal ($70^{\circ}C$) Sludge Pre-treatment prior to Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion," Biochem. Eng. J., 42, 186-192 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Schafer P., Farrell J., Newman, G., and Vandenburgh S., "Advanced Anaerobic Digestion Performance Comparisons," WEFTEC 2002, Sep. 29, Chicago, IL, (2002).
91 Borja, R., Banks, C. J., and Garrido, A., "Kinetics of Blackolive Wastewater Treatment by the Active Sludge System," Process Biochem., 29, 587-593 (1994).   DOI   ScienceOn
92 Subramanian, S., Kumar, N., Murthy, S., and Novak, J. T., "Effect of Anaerobic Digestion and Anaerobic/Aerobic Digestion Processes on Sludge Dewatering," J. Residuals Sci. Technol., 4, 17-23 (2007).
93 Shiota, N., Akashi, A., and Hasegawa, S., "A Strategy in Wastewater Treatment Process for Significant Reduction of Excess Sludge Production," Water Sci. Technol., 45, 127-134 (2002).
94 Hasegawa, S., Shiota, N., Katsura, K., and Akashi, A., "Solubilization of Organic Sludge by Thermophilic Aerobic Bacteria as a Pretreatment for Anaerobic Digestion," Water Sci. Technol., 41, 163-169 (2000).
95 http://attfile.konetic.or.kr/konetic/xml/market/51A1A0720223.pdf
96 Sakai, Y., Aoyagi, T., Shiota, N., Akashi, A., and Hasegawa, S., "Complete Ddecomposition of Biological Waste Sludge by Thermophilic Aerobic Bacteria," Water Sci. Technol., 42, 81-88 (2000).
97 Dumas, C., Perez, S., Paul, E., and Lefebvre, X., "Combined Thermophilic Aerobic Process and Conventional Anaerobic Digestion: Effect on Sludge Biodegradation and Methane Production," Bioresour. Technol., 101, 2629-2636 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
98 Deleris, S., Larose, A., Geaugey, V., and Lebrun, T., "Innovative Strategies for the Reduction of Sludge Production in Activated Sludge Plant: $BIOLYSIS^{(R)}$ O and $BIOLYSIS^{(R)}$ E," in IWA International Conference on Biosolids 2003, Water Sludge as a Resource, Jun. 23-25, Trondheim, Norway, (2003).
99 Parkin, J. F., and Owen, W. F., "Fundamentals of Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge," J. Environ. Eng. Div. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., 122, 867-920 (1986).