Effect of xylitol on dental caries prevention : a literature review |
Lee, Young-Eun
(Department of Dental Hygiene, Daegu Health College)
Kim, Ji-Hye (Department of Dental Hygiene, Daegu Health College) Cho, Min-Jeong (Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University) Song, Keun-Bae (Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University) Choi, Youn-Hee (Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University) |
1 | Muhlemann HR, Regolati B, Marthaler TM. The effect on rat fissure caries of xylitol and sorbitol. Helv Odontol Acta 1970;14(1):48-50. |
2 | Washuttl J, Riederer P, Bancher E. Qualitative and quantitative study of sugar-alcohols in several foods. J Food Sci 1973;38(7):1262-3. DOI |
3 | Hansom J, Campbell L. Xylitol and caries prevention. J Mass Dent Soc 2011;60(2):18-21. |
4 | Scheinin A, Makinen KK, Tammisalo E, Rekola M. Turku sugar studies XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum. Acta Odontol Scand 1975;33(5):269-78. DOI |
5 | Scheinin A, Makinen KK, Ylitalo K. Turku sugar studies V final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontol Scand 1976;34(4):179-216. DOI |
6 | Gupta M. Sugar substitutes: mechanism, availability, current use and safety concerns-an update. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018;6(10):1888-94. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.336 DOI |
7 | Autio JT. Effect of xylitol chewing gum on salivary streptococcus mutans in preschool children. J Dent Child 2002;69(1):81-6. |
8 | Moon HS. Effect of xylitol in chewing gum on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. J Korean Acad Dent Health 1995;19(2):245-6. |
9 | Twetman S, Stecksen-Blicks C. Effect of xylitol-containing chewing gums on lactic acid production in dental plaque from caries active pre-school children. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003;1(3):195-9. |
10 | Massoth D, Massoth G, Massoth IR, Laflamme L, Shi W, Hu C, et al. The effect of xylitol on streptococcus mutans in children. J Calif Dent Assoc 2006;34(3):231-4. |
11 | Lif Holgerson P, Stecksen-Blicks C, Sjostrom I, Twetman S. Effect of xylitol-containing chewing gums on interdental plaque-pH in habitual xylitol consumers. Acta Odontol Scand 2005;63(4):233-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016350510019883 DOI |
12 | Holgerson PL, Sjostrom I, Stecksen-blicks C, Twetman S. Dental plaque formation and salivary mutans streptococci in schoolchildren after use of xylitol-containing chewing gum. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007;17(2):79-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00808.x DOI |
13 | Thabuis C, Cheng CY, Wang X, Pochat M, Han A, Miller L, et al. Effects of maltitol and xylitol chewing-gums on parameters involved in dental caries development. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2013;14(4):303-8. |
14 | Seki M, Karakama F, Kawato T, Tanaka H, Saeki Y, Yamashita Y. Effect of xylitol gum on the level of oral mutans streptococci of preschoolers: block-randomised trial. Int Dent J 2011;61(5):274-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00073.x DOI |
15 | Tulsani SG, Chikkanarasaiah N, Siddaiah SB, Krishnamurthy NH. The effect of propolis and xylitol chewing gums on salivary streptococcus mutans count: a clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res 2014;25(6):737-41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.152182 DOI |
16 | Anttonen V, Halunen I, Pakkila J, Larmas M, Tjaderhane L. A practice-based study on the effect of a short sucrose/xylitol exposure on survival of primary teeth caries free. Int J Paediatr Dent 2012;22(5):356-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2011.01205.x DOI |
17 | Thaweboon S, Thaweboon B, Soo-Ampon S. The effect of xylitol chewing gum on mutans streptococci in saliva and dental plaque. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35(4):1024-7. |
18 | Han SK, Choi YH, Son EY, Song KB, Kim YG, Nam SH. Prevention of dental caries gum in pre-school children during 12-months. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 2004;31(2):159-68. |
19 | Holgerson PL, Sjostrom I, Twetman S. Decreased salivary uptake of [14C]-xylitol after a four-week xylitol chewing gum regimen. Oral Health Prev Dent 2007;5(4):313-9. |
20 | Makinen KK, Isotupa KP, Makinen PL, Soderling E, Song KB, Nam SH, et al. Six-month polyol chewing-gum programme in kindergarten-age children: a feasibility study focusing on mutans streptococci and dental plaque. Int Dent J 2005;55(2):81-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2005.tb00038.x DOI |
21 | Thorild I, Lindau B, Twetman S. Caries in 4-year-old children after maternal chewing of gums containing combinations of xylitol, sorbitol, chlorhexidine and fluoride. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2006;7(4):241-5. DOI |
22 | Soderling E, ElSalhy M, Honkala E, Fontana M, Flannagan S, Eckert G, et al. Effects of short-term xylitol gum chewing on the oral microbiome. Clin Oral Investig 2015;19(2):237-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1229-y DOI |
23 | Alamoudi NM, Hanno AG, Sabbagh HJ, Masoud MI, Almushayt AS, El Derwi DA. Impact of maternal xylitol consumption on mutans streptococci, plaque and caries levels in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;37(2):163-6. DOI |
24 | Alamoudi NM, Hanno AG, Masoud MI, Sabbagh HJ, Almushayt AS, Masoud IM. Effects of xylitol on salivary mutans streptococcus, plaque level, and caries activity in a group of Saudi mother-child pairs. An 18-month clinical trial. Saudi Med J 2012;33(2):186-92. |
25 | Fontana M, Catt D, Eckert GJ, Ofner S, Toro M, Gregory RL, et al. Xylitol: effects on the acquisition of cariogenic species in infants. Pediatr Dent 2009;31(3):257-66. |
26 | Thorild I, Lindau B, Twetman S. Long-term effect of maternal xylitol exposure on their children's caries prevalence. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012;13(6):305-7. DOI |
27 | Makinen KK, Isotupa KP, Kivilompolo T, Makinen PL, Murtomaa S, Petaja J, et al. The effect of polyol-combinant saliva stimulants on S. mutans levels in plaque and saliva of patients with mental retardation. Spec Care Dentist 2002;22(5):187-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.2002.tb00269.x DOI |
28 | Taipale T, Pienihakkinen K, Alanen P, Jokela J, Soderling E. Administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in early childhood: a post-trial effect on caries occurrence at four years of age. Caries Res 2013;47(5):364-72. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348424 DOI |
29 | Oscarson P, Holgerson PL, Sjostrom I, Twetman S, Stecksen-Blicks C. Influence of a low xylitol-dose on mutans streptococci colonization and caries development in preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2006;7(3):142-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03262555 DOI |
30 | Makinen KK, Isotupa KP, Kivilompolo T, Makinen PL, Toivanen J, Soderling E. Comparison of erythritol and xylitol saliva stimulants in the control of dental plaque and mutans streptococci. Caries Res 2001;35(2):129-35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000047444 DOI |
31 | Stecksen-Blicks C, Holgerson PL, Olsson M, Bylund B, Sjostrom I, Skold-Larsson K, et al. Effect of xylitol on mutans streptococci and lactic acid formation in saliva and plaque from adolescents and young adults with fixed orthodontic appliances. Eur J Oral Sci 2004;112(3):244-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00130.x DOI |
32 | Roberts MC, Riedy CA, Coldwell SE, Nagahama S, Judge K, Lam M, et al. How xylitol-containing products affect cariogenic bacteria. J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133(4):435-41. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0201 DOI |
33 | Scheinin A, Banoczy J. Xylitol and caries: the collaborative WHO oral disease preventive programme in Hungary. Int Dent J 1985;35(1):50-7. |
34 | Milgrom P, Ly KA, Tut OK, Mancl L, Roberts MC, Briand K, et al. Xylitol pediatric topical oral syrup to prevent dental caries. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163(7):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.77 DOI |
35 | Makinen KK, Tenovuo J, Scheinin A. Xylitol-induced elevation of lactoperoxidase activity. J Dent Res 1976;55(4):652-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345760550041901 DOI |
36 | Chi DL, Zegarra G, Vasquez Huerta EC, Castillo JL, Milgrom P, Roberts MC, et al. Milk sweetened with xylitol: A proof-of-principle caries prevention randomized clinical trial. J Dent Child (Chic) 2016;83(3):152-60. |
37 | Leach SA, Green RM. Reversal of fissure caries in the albino rat by sweetening agents. Caries Res 1981;15(6):508-11. DOI |
38 | Bird JL, Baum BJ, Makinen KK, Bowen WH, Longton RW. Xylitol associated changes in amylase and protein content of monkey parotic saliva. J Nutr 1977;107(10):1763-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/107.10.1763 DOI |
39 | Makinen KK, Soderling E, Kolling D. Secretory activity of salivary gland slices in the presence of polyols. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1983;79(5-6):2218-23. |
40 | Trahan L, Bareil M, Gauthier L, Vadeboncoeur C. Transport and phophorylation of xylitol by a fructose phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 1985;19(1):53-63. https://doi.org/10.1159/000260829 DOI |
41 | Trahan L. Xylitol: a review of its action on mutans streptococci and dental plaque-its clinical significance. Int Dent J 1995;45(1):77-92. |
42 | Culbert SJ, Wang YM, Fritsche HA, Carr D, Lantin E, Jan van Eys. Oral xylitol in American adults. Nutr Res 1986;6(8):913-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(86)80066-5 DOI |
43 | Hanno AG, Alamoudi NM, Almushayt AS, Masoud MI, Sabbagh HJ, Farsi NM. Effect of xylitol on dental caries and salivary streptococcus mutans levels among a group of mother-child pairs. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2011;36(1):25-30. DOI |
44 | Koizumi N, Ninomoiya R, Fujii M. Estimation of maximum No-effect dose of xylitol in causing diarrhea in humans. Jpn J Food Chem 1998;5(2):218-25. |
45 | Ly KA, Riedy CA, Milgrom P, Rothen M, Roberts MC, Zhou L. Xylitol gummy bear snacks: a school-based randomized clinical trial. BMC oral health 2008;8(20):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-8-20 DOI |
46 | Akerblom HK, Koivukangas T, Puukka R, Mononen M. The tolerance of increasing amount of dietary xylitol in children. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1982;22:53-66. |
47 | Rethman MP, Beltran-Aguilar ED, Billings RJ, Hujoel PP, Katz BP, Milgrom P, et al. Nonfluoride caries-preventive agents: executive summary of evidence-based clinical recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 2011;142(9):1065-71. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0329 DOI |
48 | Edgar WM, Geddes DA. Chewing gum and dental health: a review. Br Dent J 1990;168(4):173-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807129 DOI |
49 | Thorild I, Lindau B, Twetman S. Salivary mutans streptococci and dental caries in three-year-old children after maternal exposure to chewing gums containing combinations of xylitol, sorbitol, chlorhexidine and fluoride. Acta Odontol Scand 2004;62(5):245-50. DOI |
50 | Thorild I, Lindau B, Twetman S. Effect of maternal use of chewing gums containing xylitol, chlorhexidine or fluoride on mutans streptococci colonization in the mothers' infant children. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003;1(1):53-7. |
51 | Laitala ML, Alanen P, Isokangas P, Soderling E, Pienihakkinen K. Long-term effects of maternal prevention on children's dental decay and need for restorative treatment. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013;41(6):534-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12057 DOI |
52 | Soderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihakkinen K, Tenovuo J. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants. J Dent Res 2000;79(3):882-7. DOI |
53 | Nakai Y, Shinga-Ishihara C, Kaji M, Moriya K, Murakami-Yamanaka K, Takimura M. Xylitol gum and maternal transmission of mutans streptococci. J Dent Res 2010;89(1):56-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509352958 DOI |
54 | Olak J, Saag M, Vahlberg T, Soderling E, Karjalainen S. Caries prevention with xylitol lozenges in children related to maternal anxiety. A demonstration project. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012;13(2):64-9. DOI |
55 | Watthanasaen S, Merchant AT, Luengpailin S, Chansamak N, Pisek A, Pitiphat W. Xylitol-containing chewing gum for caries prevention in students with disabilities: a randomized trial. Oral Health Pprev Dent 2017;15(6):519-27. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.a39668 |
56 | Makinen KK, Bennett CA, Hujoel PP, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, Pape HR Jr, et al. Xylitol chewing gums and caries rates: A 40-month cohort study. J Dent Res 1995;74(12):1904-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345950740121501 DOI |
57 | Kovari H, Pienihakkinen K, Alanen P. Use of xylitol chewing gum in daycare centers: a follow up study in Savonlinna, Finland. Acta Odontol Scand 2003;61(6):367-70. DOI |
58 | Alanen P, Isokangas P, Gutmann K. Xylitol candies in caries prevention: results of a field study in Estonian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28(3):218-24. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280308.x DOI |
59 | Makinen KK, Alanen P, Isokangas P, Isotupa K, Soderling E, Makinen PL, et al. Thirty-nine-month xylitol chewing-gum programme in initially 8-year-old school children: a feasibility study focusing on mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Int Dent J 2008;58(1):41-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2008.tb00175.x DOI |
60 | Isokangas P, Alanen P, Tiekso J, Makinen KK. Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention: a field study in children. J Am Dent Assoc 1988;117(2):315-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8177(88)72017-6 DOI |
61 | Makinen KK, Chen CY, Makinen PL, Bennett CA, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, et al. Properties of whole saliva and dental plaque in relation to 40-month consumption of chewing gums containing xylitol, sorbitol of sucrose. Caries Res 1996;30(3):180-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000262157 DOI |
62 | Makinen KK, Hujoel PP, Bennett CA, Isotupa KP, Makinen PL, Allen P. Polyol chewing gums and caries rates in primary dentition: a 24-month cohort study. Caries Res 1996;30(6):408-17. https://doi.org/10.1159/000262352 DOI |
63 | Machiulskiene V, Nyvad B, Baelum V. Caries preventive effect of sugar-substituted chewing gum. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29(4):278-88. DOI |
64 | Campus G, Cagetti MG, Sacco G, Solina G, Mastroberardino S, Lingstrom P. Six months of daily high-dose xylitol in high-risk schoolchildren: a randomized clinical trial on plaque pH and salivary mutans streptococci. Caries Res 2009;43(6):455-61. https://doi.org/10.1159/000264682 DOI |
65 | Makinen KK, Hujoel PP, Bennett CA, Isokangas P, Isotupa K, Pape HR Jr, et al. A descriptive report of the effects of a 16-month xylitol chewing-gum programme subsequent to a 40-month sucrose gum programme. Caries Res 1998;32(2):107-12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000016439 DOI |
66 | Makinen KK, Makinen PL, Pape HR Jr, Allen P, Bennett CA, Isokangas PJ, et al. Stabilization of rampant caries: polyol gums and arrest of dentine caries in two long-term cohort studies in young subjects. Int Dent J 1995;45(1 suppl 1):93-107. |
67 | Alanen P, Holsti ML, Pienihakkinen K. Sealants and xylitol chewing gum are equal in caries prevention. Acta Odontol Scand 2000;58(6):279-84. DOI |
68 | Hujoel PP, Makinen KK, Bennett CA, Isotupa KP, Isokangas PJ, Allen P, et al. The optimum time to initiate habitual xylitol gum-chewing for obtaining long-term caries prevention. J Dent Res 1999;78(3):797-803. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345990780031301 DOI |
69 | Makinen KK, Chiego DJ Jr, Allen P, Bennett C, Isotupa KP, Tiekso J, et al. Physical, chemical, and histologic changes in dentin caries lesions of primary teeth induced by regular use of polyol chewing gums. Acta Odontol Scand 1998;56(3):148-56. DOI |
70 | Machiulskiene V, Nyvad B, Baelum V. Determinants of dropout in a community intervention trial on the caries-preventive effect of chewing gums. J Public Health Dent 2002;62(1):21-7. DOI |
71 | Kandelman D, Gagnon G. A 24-month clinical study of the incidence and progression of dental caries in relation to consumption of chewing gum containing xylitol in school preventive programs. J Dent Res 1990;69(11):1771-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690111201 DOI |
72 | Birkhed D, Edwardsson S, Wikesjo U, Ahlden ML, Ainamo J. Effect of 4 days consumption of chewing gum containing sorbitol or a mixture of sorbitol and xylitol on dental plaque and saliva. Caries Res 1983;17(1):76-88. https://doi.org/10.1159/000260652 DOI |
73 | Park KK, Hernandez D, Schemehorn BR, Katz BP, Stookey GK, Sanders PG, et al. Effect of chewing gums on plaque pH after a sucrose challenge. ASDC J Dent Child 1995;62(3):180-6. |
74 | Tellefsen G, Larsen G, Kaligithi R, Zimmerman GJ, Wikesjo ME. Use of chlorhexidine chewing gum significantly reduces dental plaque formation compared to use of similar xylitol and sorbitol products. J Periodontol 1996;67(3):181-3. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1996.67.3.181 DOI |
75 | Cronin M, Gordon J, Reardon R, Balbo F. Three clinical trials comparing xylitol- and sorbitol-containing chewing gums for their effect on supragingival plaque accumulation. J Clin Dent 1994;5(4):106-9. |
76 | Soderling E, Makinen KK, Chen CY, Pape HR Jr, Loesche W, Makinen PL. Effect of sorbitol, xylitol, and xylitol/sorbitol chewing gums on dental plaque. Caries Res 1989;23(5):378-84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261212 DOI |
77 | Aguirre-Zero O, Zero DT, Proskin HM. Effect of chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate and the acidogenic potential of dental plaque. Caries Res 1993;27(1):55-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261516 DOI |
78 | Merikallio T, Sodering E. Xylitol as a plaque-control agent in military conditions. Mil Med 1995;160(5):256-8. DOI |
79 | Soderling E, Trahan L, Tammiala-Salonen T, Hakkinen L. Effects of xylitol, xylitol-sorbitol, and placebo chewing gums on the plaque of habitual xylitol consumers. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105(2):170-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00196.x DOI |
80 | Bahador A, Lesan S, Kashi N. Effect of xylitol on cariogenic and beneficial oral streptococci: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Iran J Microbiol 2012;4(2):75-81. |
81 | Martinez-Pabon MC, Duque-Agudelo L, Diaz-Gil JD, Isaza-Guzman DM, Tobon-Arroyave SI. Comparison of the effect of two sugar-substituted chewing gums on different caries- and gingivitis-related variables: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2014;18(2):589-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-0989-0 DOI |
82 | Wennerholm K, Arends J, Birkhed D, Ruben J, Emilson CG, Dijkman AG. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol in chewing-gums on mutans streptococci, plaque pH and mineral loss of enamel. Caries Res 1994;28(1):48-54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261620 DOI |
83 | Biria M, Eslami G, Taghipour E, Baghban AA. Effects of three mastic gums on the number of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and pH of the saliva. J Dent 2014;11(6):672-9. |
84 | Tuncer D, Onen A, Yazici AR. Effect of chewing gums with xylitol, sorbitol and xylitol-sorbitol on the remineralization and hardness of initial enamel lesions in situ. Dent Res J(Isfahan) 2014;11(5):537-43. |
85 | Haghgoo R, Afshari E, Ghanaat T, Aghazadeh S. Comparing the efficacy of xylitol-containing and conventional chewing gums in reducing salivary counts of streptococcus mutans: An in vivo study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015;5(suppl 2):S112-7. |
86 | Fraga CP, Mayer MP, Rodrigues CR. Use of chewing gum containing 15% of xylitol and reduction in mutans streptococci salivary levels. Braz Oral Res 2010;24(2):142-6. DOI |
87 | Soderling E, Hirvonen A, Karjalainen S, Fontana M, Catt D, Seppa L. The effect of xylitol on the composition of the oral flora: a pilot study. Eur J Dent 2011;5(1):24-31. DOI |
88 | Ly KA, Milgrom P, Roberts MC, Yamaguchi DK, Rothen M, Mueller G. Linear response of mutans streptococci to increasing frequency of xylitol chewing gum use: a randomized controlled trial. BMC oral health 2006;6:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-6-6 DOI |
89 | Milgrom P, Ly KA, Roberts MC, Rothen M, Mueller G, Yamaguchi DK. Mutans streptococci dose response to xylitol chewing gum. J Dent Res 2006;85(2):177-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500212 DOI |
90 | Haresaku S, Hanioka T, Tsutsui A, Yamamoto M, Chou T, Gunjishima Y. Long-term effect of xylitol gum use on mutans streptococci in adults. Caries Res 2007;41(3):198-203. https://doi.org/10.1159/000099318 DOI |
91 | Makinen KK, Pemberton D, Cole J, Makinen PL, Chen CY, Lambert P. Saliva stimulants and the oral health of geriatric patients. Adv Dent Res 1995;9(2):125-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374950090020901 DOI |
92 | Ghasemi E, Mazaheri R, Tahmourespour A. Effect of probiotic yogurt and xylitol-containing chewing gums on salivary S. mutans count. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;41(4):257-63. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-41.4.257 DOI |
93 | Makinen KK, Pemberton D, Makinen PL, Chen CY, Cole J, Hujoel PP, et al. Polyol-combinant saliva stimulants and oral health in Veterans Affairs patients-An exploratory study. Spec Care Dentist 1996;16(3):104-15. DOI |
94 | Cocco F, Carta G, Cagetti MG, Strohmenger L, Lingstrom P, Campus G. The caries preventive effect of 1-year use of low-dose xylitol chewing gum. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in high-caries-risk adults. Clin Oral Investig 2017;21(9):2733-40. DOI |
95 | Shinga-Ishihara C, Nakai Y, Milgrom P, Soderling E, Tolvanen M, Murakami K. Xylitol carryover effects on salivary mutans streptococci after 13 months of chewing xylitol gum. Caries Res 2012;46(6):519-22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341221 DOI |
96 | Lee YE, Choi YH, Jeong SH, Kim HS, Lee SH, Song KB. Morphological changes in streptococcus mutans after chewing gum containing xylitol for twelve months. Curr Microbiol 2009;58(4):332-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-008-9332-4 DOI |
97 | Isotupa KP, Gunn S, Chen CY, Lopatin D, Makinen KK. Effect of polyol gums on dental plaque in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;107(5):497-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70117-6 DOI |
98 | Isokangas P, Soderling E, Pienihakkinen K, Alanen P. Occurrence of dental decay in children after maternal consumption of xylitol chewing gum, a follow-up from 0 to 5 years of age. J Dent Res 2000;79(11):1885-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345000790111201 DOI |
99 | Soderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihakkinen K, Tenovuo J, Alanen P. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on mother-child transmission of mutans streptococci: 6-year follow-up. Caries Res. 2001;35(3):173-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000047452 DOI |
100 | Alamoudi NM, Hanno AG, Almushayt AS, Masoud MI, El Ashiry EA, El Derwi DA. Early prevention of childhood caries with maternal xylitol consumption. Saudi Med J 2014 ;35(6):592-7. |
101 | Steinberg LM, Odusola F, Mandel ID. Remineralizing potential, antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of xylitol and sorbitol sweetened chewing gum. Clin Prev Dent 1992;14(5):31-4. |
102 | Splieth CH, Alkilzy M, Schmitt J, Berndt C, Welk A. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol on plaque acidogenesis. Quintessence Int 2009;40(4):279-85. |
103 | Bader JD, Vollmer WM, Shugars DA, Gilbert GH, Amaechi BT, Brown JP, et al. Results from the xylitol for adult caries trial (X-ACT). J Am Dent Assoc 2013;144(1):21-30. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0010 DOI |
104 | Kumar S, Sogi SH, Indushekar KR. Comparative evaluation of the effects of xylitol and sugar-free chewing gums on salivary and dental plaque pH in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2013;31(4):240-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.121822 DOI |
105 | Topitsoglou V, Birkhed D, Larsson LA, Frostell G. Effect of chewing gum containing xylitol, sorbitol or a mixture of sorbitol and xylitol on plaque formation, pH change and acid production in human dental plaque. Caries Res 1983;17(4):369-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000260690 DOI |
106 | Bader JD, Shugars DA, Vollmer WM, Gullion CM, Gilbert GH, Amaechi BT, et al. Design of the xylitol for adult caries trial (X-ACT). BMC Oral Health 2010;10:22-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-10-22 DOI |
107 | Brown JP, Amaechi BT, Bader JD, Gilbert GH, Makhija SK, Lozano-Pineda J. Visual scoring of non cavitated caries lesions and clinical trial efficiency, testing xylitol in caries-active adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014;42(3):271-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12082 DOI |
108 | Honkala E, Honkala S, Shyama M, Al-Mutawa SA. Field trial on caries prevention with xylitol candies among disabled school students. Caries Res 2006;40(6):508-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000095650 DOI |
109 | Sengun A, Sari Z, Ramoqlu SI, Malkoc S, Duran I. Evaluation of the dental plaque pH recovery effect of a xylitol lozenge on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2004;74(2):240-4. |
110 | Jung JY, Kang JK, Kim SH, Shin MS, Cho MS, Hwang YS, et al. The recognition of oral health professionals on oral health promoting effect of xylitol among dental personnel in Korea. J Korean Acad Dent Health 2008;32(3):287-98. |
111 | Lee JC, Lee KH, Kim DE. An effect of xylitol on the adhesiveness of Streptococcus mutans to synthetic hydroxyapatite; an in vitro study. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 2002;29(1):92-9. |