Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4047/jap.2022.14.2.96

Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and the physical and mechanical properties of dental highly translucent zirconia  

Dimitriadis, Konstantinos (Division of Dental Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica)
Sfikas, Athanasios Konstantinou (Experimental Techniques Centre, Brunel University London)
Kamnis, Spyros (Castolin Eutectic-Monitor Coatings Ltd)
Tsolka, Pepie (Division of Dental Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica)
Agathopoulos, Simeon (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Ioannina)
Publication Information
The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics / v.14, no.2, 2022 , pp. 96-107 More about this Journal
Abstract
PURPOSE. Microstructural and physico-mechanical characterization of highly translucent zirconia, prepared by milling technology (CAD-CAM) and repeated firing cycles, was the main aim of this in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two groups of samples of two commercial highly-translucent yttria-stabilized dental zirconia, VITA YZ-HTWhite (Group A) and Zolid HT + White (Group B), with dimensions according to the ISO 6872 "Dentistry - Ceramic materials", were prepared. The specimens of each group were divided into two subgroups. The specimens of the first subgroups (Group A1 and Group B1) were merely the sintered specimens. The specimens of the second subgroups (Group A2 and Group B2) were subjected to 4 heat treatment cycles. The microstructural features (microstructure, density, grain size, crystalline phases, and crystallite size) and four mechanical properties (flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness) of the subgroups (i.e. before and after heat treatment) were compared. The statistical significance between the subgroups (A1/A2, and B1/B2) was evaluated by the t-test. In all tests, P values smaller than 5% were considered statistically significant. RESULTS. A homogenous microstructure, with no residual porosity and grains sized between 500 and 450 nm for group A and B, respectively, was observed. Crystalline yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia was exclusively registered in the X-ray diffractograms. The mechanical properties decreased after the heat treatment procedure, but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION. The produced zirconia ceramic materials can be safely (i.e., according to the ISO 6872) used in extensive fixed prosthetic restorations, such as substructure ceramics for three-unit prostheses involving the molar restoration and substructure ceramics for prostheses involving four or more units. Consequently, milling technology is an effective manufacturing technology for producing zirconia substructures for dental fixed all-ceramic prosthetic restorations.
Keywords
Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM); Zirconia; Heat treatment; Mechanical properties;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Zhang YR, Du W, Zhou XD, Yu HY. Review of research on the mechanical properties of the human tooth. Int J Oral Sci 2014;6:61-9.   DOI
2 Saadaldin SA, Dixon SJ, Costa DO, Rizkallaa AS. Synthesis of bioactive and machinable miserite glass-ceramics for dental implant applications. Dent Mater 2013;29:645-55.   DOI
3 Al Jabbari YS, Barmpagadaki X, Psarris I, Zinelis S. Microstructural, mechanical, ionic release and tarnish resistance characterization of porcelain fused to metal Co-Cr alloys manufactured via casting and three different CAD-CAM techniques. J Prosthodont Res 2019;63:150-6.   DOI
4 Kontonasaki E, Rigos AE, Ilia C, Istantsos T. Monolithic zirconia: an update to current knowledge. optical properties, wear, and clinical performance. Dent J (Basel) 2019;7:90.   DOI
5 Andreiotelli M, Wenz HJ, Kohal RJ. Are ceramic implants a viable alternative to titanium implants? A systematic literature review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20:32-47.   DOI
6 Sakaguchi RL, Ferracane J, Powers JM. Craig's restorative dental materials. 14th ed., Philadelphia; Elsevier; 2018. p. 69-80.
7 Mahoney EK, Rohanizadeh R, Ismail FS, Kilpatrick NM, Swain MV. Mechanical properties and microstructure of hypomineralised enamel of permanent teeth. Biomaterials 2004;25:5091-100.   DOI
8 Esquivel-Upshaw JF, Kim MJ, Hsu SM, Abdulhameed N, Jenkins R, Neal D, Ren F, Clark AE. Randomized clinical study of wear of enamel antagonists against polished monolithic zirconia crowns. J Dent 2018;68:19-27.   DOI
9 Mundhe K, Jain V, Pruthi G, Shah N. Clinical study to evaluate the wear of natural enamel antagonist to zirconia and metal ceramic crowns. J Prosthet Dent 2015;114:358-63.   DOI
10 Fischer H, Marx R. Fracture toughness of dental ceramics: comparison of bending and indentation method. Dent Mater 2002;18:12-9.   DOI
11 Dimitriadis K, Moschovas, Tulyaganov DU, Agathopoulos S. Glass-ceramics in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system as potential dental restorative materials. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 2021;18:1938-49.   DOI
12 Pekkan G, Saridag S, Pekkan K, Helvacioglu DY. Comparative radiopacity of conventional and full-contour Y-TZP ceramics. Dent Mater J 2016;35:257-63.   DOI
13 De Souza GM, Zykus A, Ghahnavyeh RR, Lawrence SK, Bahr DF. Effect of accelerated aging on dental zirconia-based materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017;65:256-63.   DOI
14 Tang Z, Zhao X, Wang H, Liu B. Clinical evaluation of monolithic zirconia crowns for posterior teeth restorations. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e17385.   DOI
15 Barao VA, Gennari-Filho H, Goiato MC, dos Santos DM, Pesqueira AA. Factors to achieve aesthetics in all-ceramic restorations. J Craniofac Surg 2010;21:2007-12.   DOI
16 Chevalier J, Gremillard L, Deville S. Low-temperature degradation of zirconia and implications for biomedical implants annual review of materials research. Annu Rev Mater Res 2007;37:1-2.   DOI
17 Al-Amleh B, Lyons K, Swain M. Clinical trials in zirconia: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:641-52.   DOI
18 Dimitriadis K, Lekatou AG, Sfikas A, Roumpi M, Tsouli S, Galiatsatos A, Agathopoulos S. Influence of heat-treatment cycles on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of co-cr dental alloys fabricated by selective laser melting. J Mater Eng and Perform 2021;30:5252-65.   DOI
19 ISO 6872. Dentistry - Ceramic materials. 3rd ed., International Standards Organization (ISO); Geneva; Switzerland, 2008.
20 Amat NF, Muchtara A, Amril MS, Ghazali MJ, Yahaya N. Effect of sintering temperature on the aging resistance and mechanical properties of monolithic zirconia. J Mater Res Technol 2019;8:1092-101.   DOI
21 El-Meliegy E, van Noort R. Glasses and glass ceramics for medical applications. 1st ed., New York; Springer; 2012. p. 109-31.
22 Denry I, Kelly JR. State of the art of zirconia for dental applications. Dent Mater 2008;24:299-307.   DOI
23 Natali AN. Dental biomechanics. 1st ed., London; CRC Press; 2003. p. 50-250.
24 Montazerian M, Dutra Zanotto E. History and trends of bioactive glass-ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016;104:1231-49.   DOI
25 Stawarczyk B, Ozcan M, Hallmann L, Ender A, Mehl A, Hammerlet CH. The effect of zirconia sintering temperature on flexural strength, grain size, and contrast ratio. Clin Oral Investig 2013;17:269-74.   DOI
26 Griffin JD Jr. Tooth in a bag: same-day monolithic zirconia crown. Dent Today 2013;32:124, 126-31.
27 Sen N, Isler S. Microstructural, physical, and optical characterization of high-translucency zirconia ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2020;123:761-8.   DOI
28 Scott HG. Phase relationships in the zirconia-yttria system. J Mater Sci 1975;10:1527-35.   DOI
29 Holand W, Beal GH. Glass-ceramic technology. 2nd ed., Westerville; American Ceramic Society; 2002. p. 57-72, 194-227, 282-91.
30 Baino F, Tomalino M, Tulyaganov D. Ceramics, glass and glass-ceramics. 1st ed., New York; Springer; 2021. p. 153-200.
31 Montazerian M, Zanotto ED. Bioactive and inert dental glass-ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017;105:619-39.   DOI
32 Dimitriadis K, Papadopoulos T, Agathopoulos S. Effect of bonding agent on metal-ceramic bond strength between co-cr fabricated with selective laser melting and dental feldspathic porcelain. J Prosthodont 2019;28:1029-36.   DOI
33 Zmak I, Coric D, Mandic V, Curkovic L. Hardness and indentation fracture toughness of slip cast alumina and alumina-zirconia ceramics. Materials (Basel) 2019;13:122.   DOI
34 Sakaguchi RL, Powers JM. Craig's restorative dental materials. 13th ed., St. Louis; Elsevier; 2012. p. 253-70.
35 Lucas TJ, Lawson NC, Janowski GM, Burgess JO. Effect of grain size on the monoclinic transformation, hardness, roughness, and modulus of aged partially stabilized zirconia. Dent Mater 2015;31:1487-92.   DOI
36 Lin PJ, Su KC. Biomechanical design application on the effect of different occlusion conditions on dental implants with different positions-a finite element analysis. Appl Sci 2020;10:5826.   DOI
37 Tong H, Tanaka CB, Kaizer MR, Zhang Y. Characterization of three commercial Y-TZP ceramics produced for their high-translucency, high-strength and high-surface area. Ceram Int 2016;42:1077-85.   DOI
38 Kinney JH, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. The mechanical properties of human dentin: a critical review and re-evaluation of the dental literature. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003;14:13-29.   DOI
39 Sola-Ruiz MF, Baima-Moscardo A, Selva-Otaolaurruchi E, Montiel-Company JM, Agustin-Panadero R, FonsBadal C, Fernandez-Estevan L. Wear in antagonist teeth produced by monolithic zirconia crowns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2020;9:997.   DOI
40 Deval P, Tembhurne J, Gangurde A, Chauhan M, Jaiswal N, Tiwari DK. A clinical comparative evaluation of the wear of enamel antagonist to monolithic zirconia and metal-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont 2021;34:744-51.   DOI
41 Sakar-Deliormanli A, Guden M. Microhardness and fracture toughness of dental materials by indentation method. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006;76:257-64.   DOI