Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2021.21.09.652

The Relative Effects of Emotion and Empathy on Altruistic Behavior  

Cho, Myung Hyun (서강대학교 심리학과)
Publication Information
The Journal of the Korea Contents Association / v.21, no.9, 2021 , pp. 652-665 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify relative effects of emotion and empathy on altruistic behavior. A survey including psychological well-being, depression, empathic concern, and perspective taking was conducted on 329 undergraduates. Results revealed that altruism was positively correlated with psychological well-being, empathy concern, and perspective taking but negatively correlated with depression. Test for relative effects of positive and negative emotional states on altruism revealed that psychological well-being, but not depression, significantly predicted altruism. Test for relative effects of emotional and cognitive empathy factors on altruism showed that empathic concern, but not perspective taking, significantly predicted altruism. Test for relative effects of all four factors on altruism revealed that the empathic concern was the strongest factor affecting altruism, followed by psychological well-being, while the remaining two factors did not have an effect on altruism. Implications and limitations of this study are also discussed in this study.
Keywords
Altruism; Psychological Well-being; Depression; Empathic Concern; Perspective Taking;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 A. T. Beck, C. H. Ward, M. Mendelson, J. Mock, and J. Erbaugh, "An inventory for measuring depression," Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol.4, No.6, pp.561-571, 1961.   DOI
2 N. Eisenberg, R. A. Fabes, P. A. Miller, J. Fultz, R. Shell, R. M. Mathy, and R. R. Reno, "Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: a multimethod study," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.57, No.1, pp.55-66, 1989.   DOI
3 손은주, 행복과 협력 상황에서의 친사회적 행동: 이기적인 동기의 매개효과, 서울대학교, 석사학위논문, 2016.
4 J. W. Kalat and M. N. Shiota, Emotion, Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007.
5 P. J. Watson and P. W. Andrews, "Toward a revised evolutionary adaptationist analysis of depression: The social navigation hypothesis," Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol.72, No.1, pp.1-14. 2002.   DOI
6 김청송, "청소년의 우울, 스트레스 대처, 강인성이 비행에 미치는 영향," 한국심리학회지: 건강, 제12권, 제3호, pp.587-598, 2007.   DOI
7 M. Van Geel, P. Vedder, and J. Tanilon, "Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents a meta-analysis," JAMA Pediatrics, Vol.168, No.5, pp.435-442, 2014.   DOI
8 M. R. Cunningham, J. Steinberg, and R. Grev, "Wanting to and having to help: Separate motivations for positive mood and guilt-induced helping," Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol.38, No.2, p.181, 1980.   DOI
9 M. Schaller and R. B. Cialdini, Happiness, sadness, and helping: A motivational integration. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior(Vol.2, pp.265-296). The Guilford Press, 1990.
10 M. O. Wilhelm and R. Bekkers, "Helping behavior, dispositional empathic concern, and the principle of care," Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol.73, pp.11-32, 2010.   DOI
11 Q. Zhou, C. Valiente, and N. Eisenberg, Empathy and its measurement, In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures(pp.269-284). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. 2003.
12 M. H. Davis, "Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.44, pp.113-126, 1983.   DOI
13 A. Edele, I. Dziobek, and M. Keller, "Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: The role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity," Learning and Individual Differences, Vol.24, pp.96-102, 2013.   DOI
14 배정은, 신희천, 이민규, "원만성이 용서 동기에 미치는 영향: 인지적 공감과 정서적 공감의 매개 과정," 상담학연구, 제11권, 제1호, pp.111-123, 2010.
15 C. D. Batson, N. Ahmad, D. A. Lishner, and J. Tsang, Empathy and altruism. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology(pp.485-498), NY: Oxford University Press. 2002.
16 J. S. Mascaro, J. K. Rilling, L. Tenzin Negi, and C. L. Raison, "Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Vol.8, No.1, pp.48-55, 2013.   DOI
17 J. Haidt, "The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment," Psychological review, Vol.108, No.4, pp.814-834, 2001   DOI
18 김혜리, 정명숙, 손정우, 박민, 엄진섭, 문은옥, 천영운, 최현숙, 이수미, "아동의 인지적.정서적 공감 능력과 사회적 행동 간의 관계," 한국심리학회지: 발달, 제26권, 제1호, pp.255-275, 2013.
19 A. Barasch, E. E. Levine, J. Z. Berman, and D. A. Small, "Selfish or selfless? On the signal value of emotion in altruistic behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.107, No.3, pp.393-413. 2014.   DOI
20 C. D. Ryff, "Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.57, No.6, pp.1069-1081, 1989.   DOI
21 김명소, 김혜원, 차경호, "심리적 안녕감의 구성개념 분석: 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로," 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 제15권, 제2호, pp.19-39, 2001.
22 이승조, 정다운, "돕기 캠페인에서 공감적 관심과 소구 유형이 미치는 영향에 관한 탐색," 감성과학, 제17권, 제2호, pp.25-34, 2014.   DOI
23 L. L. Carstensen, D. M. Isaacowitz, and S. T. Charles, "Taking time seriously: a theory of socioemotional selectivity," American Psychologist, Vol.54, No.3, pp.165-181, 1999.   DOI
24 R. H. Fazio, "Accessible attitudes as tools for object appraisal: Their costs and benefits," Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes, Vol.1, pp.1-36, 2000.
25 A. H. Maslow, "A theory of human motivation," Psychological Review, Vol.50, No.4, pp.370-396, 1943.   DOI
26 R. A. Baron, "The sweet smell of... helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on prosocial behavior in shopping malls," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol.23, No.5, pp.498-503, 1997.   DOI
27 이영호, 송종용, "BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구," Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 제10권, 제1호, pp.98-113, 1991.
28 G. H. Bower, "Mood and memory," American Psychologist, Vol.36, No.2, pp.129-148, 1981.   DOI
29 A. M. Freund and F. Blanchard-Fields, "Age-related differences in altruism across adulthood: Making personal financial gain versus contributing to the public good," Developmental Psychology, Vol.50, No.4, pp.1125-1136, 2014.   DOI
30 N. Eisenberg and P. Miller, Empathy, sympathy, and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development(pp.292-316). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
31 M. A. Musick and J. Wilson, "Volunteering and depression: The role of psychological and social resources in different age groups," Social Science & Medicine, Vol.56, pp.259-269, 2003.   DOI
32 E. W. Dunn, L. B. Aknin, and M. I. Norton, "Spending money on others promotes happiness," Science, Vol.319, No.5870, pp.1687-1688, 2008.   DOI
33 A. M. Isen and P. F. Levin, "Effect of feeling good on helping: cookies and kindness," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.21, No.3, pp.384-388, 1972.   DOI
34 N. B. Allen and P. B. Badcock, "The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives," Psychological bulletin, Vol.29, No.6, pp.887-913, 2003.
35 C. D. Batson and A. A. Powell, Altruism and prosocial behavior. In I. B. Weiner (Series Ed.), T. Millon (Vol. Ed.), & M. J. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of psychology (pp. 464-484), 2003.
36 마이클 토마셀로. 이기적 원숭이와 이타적 인간, 허준석 역, 이음: 원주, 2011.
37 C. D. Batson, Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol.20, pp.65-122). New York: Academic, 1987.
38 고은희, 김은정, "우울, 주의집중의 어려움, 인터넷 사용빈도 및 교사/친구관계가 청소년 사이버비행에 미치는 영향: 조절된 매개효과 검증," 청소년학연구, 제22권, 제3호, pp.1-26, 2015.
39 J. M. Olson and M. P. Zanna, "Attitudes and attitude change," Annual review of psychology, Vol.44, No.1, pp.117-154, 1993.   DOI
40 S. Schachter and J. Singer, "Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state," Psychological review, Vol.69, No.5, pp.379-399, 1962.   DOI
41 W. C. Compton, Introduction to Positive Psychology, Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, U.S.A. 2005.
42 N. Eisenberg, "Emotion, regulation, and moral development," Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.51, No.1, pp.665-697, 2000.   DOI
43 S. L. Brown, R. M. Brown, J. S. House, and D. M. Smith, "Coping with spousal loss: Potential buffering effects of self-reported helping behavior," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol.34, No.6, pp.849-861, 2008.   DOI
44 B. L. Fredrickson, "What good are positive emotions?," Review of General Psychology, Vol.2, No.3, pp.300-319, 1998.   DOI
45 M. H. Davis, Empathy: A social psychological approach, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
46 R. B. Cialdini, D. J. Baumann, and D. T. Kenrick, "Insights from sadness: A three-step model of the development of altruism as hedonism," Developmental Review, Vol.1, No.3, pp.207-223, 1981.   DOI
47 M. L. Hoffman, Empathy and moral development, implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press, UK. 2000.
48 D. Gruhn, K. Rebucal, M. Diehl, M. Lumley, and G. Labouvie-Vief, "Empathy across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal and experience-sampling findings," Emotion, Vol.8, pp.753-765. 2008.   DOI
49 J. Haidt, "The new synthesis in moral psychology," Science, Vol.316, No.5827, pp.998-1002. 2007.   DOI
50 김재은, 이근후, 김정규, 박영숙, 이화방어기제검사(Ewha Defense Mechanism Test, 하나의학사, 서울, 1991.
51 R. F. Krueger, B. M. Hicks, and M. McGue, "Altruism and antisocial behavior: Independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies," Psychological Science, Vol.12, pp.397-402, 2001.   DOI
52 M. N. O'Malley and L. Andrews, "The effect of mood and incentives on helping: Are there some things money can't buy?," Motivation and Emotion, Vol.7, No.2, pp.179-189, 1983.   DOI