Bioremediation Options for Nuclear Sites a Review of an Emerging Technology |
Robinson, Callum
(Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester)
White-Pettigrew, Matthew (Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester) Shaw, Samuel (Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester) Morris, Katherine (Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester) Graham, James (National Nuclear Laboratory, Central Laboratory) Lloyd, Jonathan R. (Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester) |
1 | Sellafield Ltd. April 1 2015. "Groundwater Monitoring at Sellafield: Annual Data Review 2016." GOV UK. Accessed Apr. 4 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/groundwater-monitoring-at-sellafield-2014-data-review. |
2 | Sellafield Ltd. June 25 2021. "Leak Prevention or Minimisation." Game Changers-Challenges. Accessed Apr. 4 2022. Available from: https://www.gamech-angers.technology/challenge/Leak_prevention_or_minimisation. |
3 | L. Newsome, K. Morris, D. Trivedi, N. Atherton, and J.R. Lloyd, "Microbial Reduction of Uranium(VI) in Sediments of Different Lithologies Collected From Sellafield", Appl. Geochemistry, 51, 55-64 (2014). DOI |
4 | I.T. Burke, C. Boothman, J.R. Lloyd, R.J.G. Mortimer, F.R. Livens, and K. Morris, "Effects of Progressive Anoxia on the Solubility of Technetium in Sediments", Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(11), 4109-4116 (2005). DOI |
5 | W.H. Ko and F.K. Hora, "Production of Phospholipases by Soil Microorganisms", Soil Sci., 110(5), 355-358 (1970). DOI |
6 | L.E. Macaskie, R.M. Empson, A.K. Cheetham, C.P. Grey, and A.J. Skarnulis, "Uranium Bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a Result of Enzymically Mediated Growth of Polycrystalline HUO2PO4", Science, 257(5071), 782-784 (1992). DOI |
7 | W. Gao and A.J. Francis, "Reduction of Uranium(VI) to Uranium(IV) by Clostridia", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74(14), 4580-4584 (2008). DOI |
8 | A. Cleary, J.R. Lloyd, L. Newsome, S. Shaw, C. Boothman, G. Boshoff, N. Atherton, and K. Morris, "Bioremediation of Strontium and Technetium Contaminated Groundwater Using Glycerol Phosphate", Chem. Geol., 509, 213-222 (2019). DOI |
9 | C.L. Thorpe, J.R. Lloyd, G.T.W. Law, I.T. Burke, S. Shaw, N.D. Bryan, and K. Morris, "Strontium Sorption and Precipitation Behaviour During Bioreduction in Nitrate Impacted Sediments", Chem. Geol., 306-307, 114-122 (2012). DOI |
10 | G.M. Gadd, "Biosorption: Critical Review of Scientific Rationale, Environmental Importance and Significance for Pollution Treatment", J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 84(1), 13-28 (2009). DOI |
11 | S.V. Avery, "Caesium Accumulation by Microorganisms: Uptake Mechanisms, Cation Competition, Compartmentalization and Toxicity", J. Ind. Microbiol., 14(2), 76-84 (1995). DOI |
12 | S.V. Avery, "Microbial Interactions With Caesium-Implications for Biotechnology", J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 62(1), 3-16 (1995). DOI |
13 | K.H. Williams, J.R. Bargar, J.R. Lloyd, and D.R. Lovley, "Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Groundwater: A Systems Approach to Subsurface Biogeochemistry", Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 24(3), 489-497 (2013). DOI |
14 | K.M. Campbell, R.K. Kukkadapu, N.P. Qafoku, A.D. Peacock, E. Lesher, K.H. Williams, J.R. Bargar, M.J. Wilkins, L. Figueroa, J. Ranville, J.A. Davis, and P.E. Long, "Geochemical, Mineralogical and Microbiological Characteristics of Sediment From a Naturally Reduced Zone in a Uranium-Contaminated Aquifer", Appl. Geochemistry, 27(8), 1499-1511 (2012). DOI |
15 | V.R. Vermeul, B.G. Fritz, J.S. Fruchter, J.E. Szecsody, and M.D. Williams. 100-NR-2 Apatite Treatability Test: High-Concentration Calcium-Citrate- Phosphate Solution Injection for In Situ Strontium-90 Immobilization, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Technical Report, PNNL-19572 (2010). |
16 | J.F. Rakovan and J. M. Hughes, "Strontium in the Apatite Structure: Strontian Fluorapatite and Belovite- (Ce)", Can. Mineral., 38(4), 839-845 (2000). DOI |
17 | V.R. Vermeul, J.E. Szecsody, B.G. Fritz, M.D. Williams, R.C. Moore, and J.S. Fruchter, "An Injectable Apatite Permeable Reactive Barrier for In Situ 90Sr Immobilization", Groundw. Monit. Remediat., 34(2), 28-41 (2014). |
18 | J.F. Rakovan and J.D. Pasteris, "A Technological Gem: Materials, Medical, and Environmental Mineralogy of Apatite", Elements, 11(3), 195-200 (2015). DOI |
19 | D.M. Wellman, J.P. Icenhower, and A.T. Owen, "Comparative Analysis of Soluble Phosphate Amendments for the Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminants: Effect on Sediment Hydraulic Conductivity", Environ. Chem., 3(3), 219224 (2006). |
20 | S.H. Wallace, S. Shaw, K. Morris, J.S. Small, A.J. Fuller, and I.T. Burke, "Effect of Groundwater pH and Ionic Strength on Strontium Sorption in Aquifer Sediments: Implications for 90Sr Mobility at Contaminated Nuclear Sites", Appl. Geochemistry, 27(8), 1482-1491 (2012). DOI |
21 | R.C. Moore, C. Sanchez, K. Holt, P. Zhang, H. Xu, and G.R. Choppin, "Formation of Hydroxyapatite in Soils Using Calcium Citrate and Sodium Phosphate for Control of Strontium Migration", Radiochim. Acta, 92(9-11), 719-723 (2004). DOI |
22 | L.E. Macaskie, "The Application of Biotechnology to the Treatment of Wastes Produced From the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation as a Means of Treating Radionuclide-Containing Streams", Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 11(1), 41-112 (1991). DOI |
23 | J.E. Szecsody, M.L. Rockhold, M. Oostrom, R.C. Moore, C.A. Burns, M.D. Williams, L. Zhong, J.S. Fruchter, J.P. McKinley, V.R. Vermeul, M.A. Covert, T.W. Wietsma, A.T. Breshears, and B.J. Garcia. Sequestration of Sr-90 Subsurface Contamination in the Hanford 100-N Area by Surface Infiltration of a CaCitrate-Phosphate Solution, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Repport, PNNL-18303 (2009). |
24 | R.D. Shannon and C.T. Prewitt, "Effective Ionic Radii in Oxides and Fluorides", Acta Crystallogr. B. Struct. Sci. Cryst. Eng. Mater., B25, 925-946 (1969). |
25 | Sellafield Ltd. July 31 2017. "Corporate Strategy." GOV UK. Accessed Apr. 4 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sellafield-ltd-corporate-strategy. |
26 | L. Newsome, K. Morris, D. Trivedi, A. Bewsher, and J.R. Lloyd, "Biostimulation by Glycerol Phosphate to Precipitate Recalcitrant Uranium(IV) Phosphate", Environ. Sci. Technol., 49(18), 11070-11078 (2015). DOI |
27 | L. Newsome, A. Cleary, K. Morris, and J.R. Lloyd, "Long-Term Immobilization of Technetium via Bioremediation With Slow-Release Substrates", Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(3), 1595-1604 (2017). DOI |
28 | Y. Fujita, G.D. Redden, J.C. Ingram, M.M. Cortez, F.G. Ferris, and R.W. Smith, "Strontium Incorporation Into Calcite Generated by Bacterial Ureolysis", Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68(15), 3261-3270 (2004). DOI |
29 | C.L. Thorpe, C. Boothman, J.R. Lloyd, G.T.W. Law, N.D. Bryan, N. Atherton, F.R. Livens, and K. Morris, "The Interactions of Strontium and Technetium With Fe(II) Bearing Biominerals: Implications for Bioremediation of Radioactively Contaminated Land", Appl. Geochemistry, 40, 135-143 (2014). DOI |
30 | C.L. Thorpe, G.T.W. Law, C. Boothman, J.R. Lloyd, I.T. Burke, and K. Morris, "The Synergistic Effects of High Nitrate Concentrations on Sediment Bioreduction", Geomicrobiol. J., 29(5), 484-493 (2012). DOI |
31 | C.L. Thorpe, K. Morris, J.R. Lloyd, M.A. Denecke, K.A. Law, K. Dardenne, C. Boothman, P. Bots, and G.T.W. Law, "Neptunium and Manganese Biocycling in Nuclear Legacy Sediment Systems", Appl. Geochemistry, 63, 303-309 (2015). DOI |
32 | C.I. Pearce, R.C. Moore, J.W. Morad, R.M. Asmussen, S. Chatterjee, A.R. Lawter, T.G. Levitskaia, J.J. Neeway, N.P. Qafoku, M.J. Rigali, S.A. Saslow, J.E. Szecsody, P.K. Thallapally, G. Wang, and V.L. Freedman, "Technetium Immobilization by Materials Through Sorption and Redox-Driven Processes: A Literature Review", Sci. Total Environ., 716, 132849 (2020). DOI |
33 | C.L. Thorpe, G.T.W. Law, J.R. Lloyd, H.A. Williams, N. Atherton, and K. Morris, "Quantifying Technetium and Strontium Bioremediation Potential in Flowing Sediment Columns", Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(21), 12104-12113 (2017). DOI |
34 | C.L. Thorpe, J.R. Lloyd, G.T.W. Law, H.A. Williams, N. Atherton, J.H. Cruickshank, and K. Morris, "Retention of 99mTc at Ultra-trace Levels in Flowing Column Experiments-Insights Into Bioreduction and Biomineralization for Remediation at Nuclear Facilities", Geomicrobiol. J., 33(3-4), 199-205 (2016). DOI |
35 | J.B. Duncan, "Reduction and Stabilization (Immobilization) of Pertechnetate to an Immobile Reduced Technetium Species Using Tin (II) Apatite", Sep. Sci. Technol. J., RPP-53855 (2012). |
36 | W. Siuda and R. J. Chrost, "Utilization of Selected Dissolved Organic Phosphorus Compounds by Bacteria in Lake Water Under non-Limiting Orthophosphate Conditions", Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 10(6), 475-483 (2001). |
37 | R.E.H. Sims, H.H. Rogner, and K. Gregory, "Carbon Emission and Mitigation Cost Comparisons Between Fossil Fuel, Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources for Electricity Generation", Energy Policy, 31(13), 1315-1326 (2003). DOI |
38 | B. Gu, D.B. Watson, D.H. Phillips, and L. Liang, "Biogeochemical, Mineralogical, and Hydrological Characteristics of an Iron Reacitve Barrier Used for Treatment of Uranium and Nitrate", in Handbook of Groundwater Remediation Using Permeable Reactive Barriers, D. Naftz, S.J. Morrison, C.C. Fuller, J.A. Davis, eds., 305-342, Elsevier, Cambridge (2002). |
39 | L. Newsome, K. Morris, and J.R. Lloyd, "The Biogeochemistry and Bioremediation of Uranium and Other Priority Radionuclides", Chem. Geol., 363, 164-184 (2014). DOI |
40 | D.R. Brookshaw, R.A.D. Pattrick, P. Bots, G.T.W. Law, J.R. Lloyd, J.F.W. Mosselmans, D.J. Vaughan, K. Dardenne, and K. Morris, "Redox Interactions of Tc(VII), U(VI), and Np(V) With Microbially Reduced Biotite and Chlorite", Environ. Sci. Technol., 49(22), 13139-13148 (2015). DOI |
41 | J.R. Lloyd, R.T. Anderson, and L.E. Macaskie, "Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides", in Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World Environmental Cleanup, 2nd ed., R.M. Atlas and J.C. Philp, eds., 293-317, ASM Press, Washington (2014). |
42 | R.T. Anderson, H.A. Vrionis, I. Ortiz-Bernad, C.T. Resch, P.E. Long, R. Dayvault, K. Karp, S. Marutzky, D.R. Metzler, A. Peacock, D.C. White, M. Lowe, and D.R. Lovley, "Stimulating the In Situ Activity of Geobacter Species to Remove Uranium From the Groundwater of a Uranium-Contaminated Aquifer", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(10), 5884-5891 (2003). DOI |
43 | R.E. Wildung, S.W. Li, C.J. Murray, K.M. Krupka, Y. Xie, N.J. Hess, and E.E. Roden, "Technetium Reduction in Sediments of a Shallow Aquifer Exhibiting Dissimilatory Iron Reduction Potential", FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 49(1), 151-162 (2004). DOI |
44 | L. Newsome, K. Morris, S. Shaw, D. Trivedi, and J.R. Lloyd, "The Stability of Microbially Reduced U(IV); Impact of Residual Electron Donor and Sediment Ageing", Chem. Geol., 409, 125-135 (2015). DOI |
45 | T.J. Dichristina, "New Insights Into the Molecular Mechanism of Microbial Metal Respiration", Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Suppl., 69(10), A670 (2005). |
46 | K.T. Finneran, R.T. Anderson, K.P. Nevin, and D.R. Lovley, "Potential for Bioremediation of UraniumContaminated Aquifers With Microbial U (VI) Reduction", Soil Sediment Contam. An Int. J., 11(3), 339-357 (2002). DOI |
47 | G.T.W. Law, A. Geissler, J.R. Lloyd, F.R. Livens, C. Boothman, J.D.C. Begg, M.A. Denecke, J. Rothe, K. Dardenne, I.T. Burke, J.M. Charnock, and K. Morris, "Geomicrobiological Redox Cycling of the Transuranic Element Neptunium", Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(23), 8924-8929 (2010). DOI |
48 | J.M. McBeth, G. Lear, J.R. Lloyd, F.R. Livens, K. Morris, and I.T. Burke, "Technetium Reduction and Reoxidation in Aquifer Sediments", Geomicrobiol. J., 24(3-4), 189-197 (2007). DOI |
49 | D.E. Latta, M.I. Boyanov, K.M. Kemner, E.J. O'Loughlin, and M.M. Scherer, "Abiotic Reduction of Uranium by Fe(II) in Soil", Appl. Geochemistry, 27(8), 15121524 (2012). |
50 | J.E. Szecsody, C.A. Burns, R.C. Moore, J.S. Fruchter, V.R. Vermeul, M.D. Williams, D.C. Girvin, J.P. Mckinley, M.J. Truex, and J.L. Phillips. Hanford 100-N Area Apatite Emplacement: Laboratory Results of Ca-Citrate-PO4 Solution Injection and Sr-90 Immobilization in 100-N Sediments, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Technical Report, PNNL-16891 (2007). |
51 | J.M. Zachara, P.E. Long, J. Bargar, J.A. Davis, P. Fox, J.K. Fredrickson, M.D. Freshley, A.E. Konopka, C. Liu, J.P. McKinley, M.L. Rockhold, K.H. Williams, and S.B. Yabusaki, "Persistence of Uranium Groundwater Plumes: Contrasting Mechanisms at two DOE Sites in the Groundwater-River Interaction Zone", J. Contam. Hydrol., 147, 45-72 (2013). DOI |
52 | S.P. Hyun, J.A. Davis, K. Sun, and K.F. Hayes, "Uranium (VI) Reduction by Iron(II) Monosulfide Mackinawite", Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(6), 3369-3376 (2012). DOI |
53 | K.H. Williams, P.E. Long, J.A. Davis, M.J. Wilkins, A.L. N'Guessan, C.I. Steefel, L. Yang, D. Newcomer, F.A. Spane, L.J. Kerkhof, L. Mcguinness, R. Dayvault, and D.R. Lovley, "Acetate Availability and its Influence on Sustainable Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Groundwater", Geomicrobiol. J., 28(5-6), 519-539 (2011). DOI |
54 | L.T. Townsend, S. Shaw, N.E.R. Ofili, N. Kaltsoyannis, A.S. Walton, J.F.W. Mosselmans, T.S. Neill, J.R. Lloyd, S. Heath, R. Hibberd, and K. Morris, "Formation of a U(VI)-Persulfide Complex During Environmentally Relevant Sulfidation of Iron (Oxyhydr)Oxides", Environ. Sci. Technol., 54(1), 129-136 (2019). |
55 | J.R. Bargar, K.H. Williams, K.M. Campbell, P.E. Long, J.E. Stubbs, E.I. Suvorova, J.S. Lezama-Pacheco, D.S. Alessi, M. Stylo, S.M. Webb, J.A. Davis, D.E. Giammar, L.Y. Blue, and R. Bernier-Latmani, "Uranium Redox Transition Pathways in Acetate-Amended Sediments", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(12), 4506- 4511 (2013). DOI |
56 | Y.Bi, S.P. Hyun, R.K. Kukkadapu, and K.F. Hayes, "Oxidative Dissolution of UO2 in a Simulated Groundwater Containing Synthetic Nanocrystalline Mackinawite", Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 102, 175-190 (2013). DOI |
57 | D.A. Neitzel, A.L. Bunn, S.D. Cannon, J.P. Duncan, R.A. Fowler, B.G. Fritz, D.W. Harvey, P.L. Hendrickson, D.J. Hoitink, D.G. Horton, G.V. Last, T.M. Poston, E.L. Prendergast-Kennedy, S.P. Reidel, A.C. Rohay, M.R. Sackschewsky, M.J. Scott, and P.D. Thorne. Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Characterization Report, Revision 17, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Repport, PNNL6415 (2005). |
58 | R.E. Gephart, "A Short History of Waste Management at the Hanford Site", Phys. Chem. Earth, 35(6-8), 298- 306 (2010). DOI |