Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7733/jnfcwt.2019.17.2.213

Study on the Experiences of Subsurface Soil Remediation at Commercial Nuclear Power Plants in the United States  

Lee, Hyoung-Woo (KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School)
Kim, Ju-Youl (KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School)
Kim, Chang-Lak (KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School)
Publication Information
Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT) / v.17, no.2, 2019 , pp. 213-226 More about this Journal
Abstract
Regulatory agency and licensee are preparing for the site restoration of Kori unit 1, the first commercial NPP in Korea, scheduled for 2031. Developing regulatory guidelines and strategies is essential for effective restoration work. Unfortunately, Korea does not have experience of site restoration of commercial NPPs. Therefore, it is important to review cases from experienced countries to establish a strategy and regulatory standards. The U.S. has had numerous soil remediation experiences using RESRAD and MARSSIM. However, formalized evaluation methodologies for subsurface soil have not yet been established in MARSSIM. This survey focused on subsurface soil remediation by reviewing the five decommissioned NPPs under regulation of the US NRC. Overall process of remediating a contaminated subsurface soil and groundwater was reviewed to identify considerations and lessons that could be applicable in Korea. In addition, an applied methodology for evaluation of contaminated subsurface soil and related major issues between regulatory agency and licensees were reviewed in detail to support establishment of remediation strategy for Kori unit 1.
Keywords
Site restoration; Soil remediation; Subsurface soil; RESRAD; MARSSIM;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Nuclear Energy Institute, "Decommissioning Status for Shutdown U.S. Nuclear Plants", Accessed Nov. 6 2018. Available from : https://www.nei.org/resources/statistics/decommissioning-status-for-shutdown-us-plants.
2 C. Yu, D. LePoire, E. Gnanapragasam, J. Arnish, S. Kamboj, B.M. Biwer, J.-J. Cheng, A. Zielen, and S.Y. Chen, Development of Probabilistic RESRAD 6.0 and RESRAD-BUILD 3.0 Computer Codes, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR-6697, Washington, D.C. (2000).
3 United Federal Agencies (NRC, EPA, DOE, and DOD), Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM), Rev. 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-1575, Washington, D.C. (2000).
4 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance, Vol. 2, Rev. 1, NUREG-1757, Washington, D.C. (2006).
5 K.F. Eckerman and J.C. Ryman, Federal Guidance Report No. 12. External Exposure to Radionuclides in Air, Water, and Soil, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-402-R-93-081, Washington, D.C. (1993).
6 R.N. Stewart, "A Geospatial Based Decision Framework for Extending MARSSIM Regulatory Principles into the Subsurface", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2011.
7 R.B. Abu-Eid, "Decommissioning Survey and Site Characterization Issues and Lessons Learned", Proc. of Workshop on Radiological Characterization for Decommissioning, 292-314, April 17-19, 2012, Studsvik.
8 S.B. Hong, D.S. Hwang, B.K. Seo, and J.K. Moon, "Practical Application of the MARSSIM Process to the Site Release of a Uranium Conversion Plant Following Decommissioning", Ann. Nucl. Energy, 65, 241-246 (2014).   DOI
9 S.B. Hong, K.W. Lee, J.H. Park, and U.S. Chung, "Application of MARSSIM for Final Status Survey of the Decommissioning Project", J. Korean Radioact. Waste Soc., 9(2), 107-111 (2011).   DOI
10 S. Bushart, Connecticut Yankee Decommissioning Experience Report-Detailed Experiences 1996-2006, Electric Power Research Institute, Appendix C (2006)
11 RETEC Group, Inc., Groundwater Tritium Investigation Report-Dresden Generation Station, Morris, Illinois, Exelon Generation Submittal, EXENW-18513-400 (2005).
12 Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company, Maine Yankee's License Termination Plan, Rev. 5, MYAPC Submittal, MN-09-005 (2009).
13 R.N. Stewart, A Subsurface Decision Model for Supporting Environmental Compliance, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR-7021, Washington, D.C. (2012).
14 K.W. Lee, S.B. Hong, J.H. Park, and U.S. Chung, "Final Status of the Decommissioning of Research Reactors in Korea", J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 47(12), 1227-1232 (2010).   DOI
15 Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company, Haddam Neck Plant License Termination Plan, Rev. 0, CYAPCO Submittal (2000).
16 Consumers Energy Company, Big Rock Point Restoration Project License Termination Plan, Rev. 1, CE Submittal, Docket No. 50-155 and 72-043 (2004).
17 Consumers Energy Company, Supporting Survey Report, Excavated Surface Release Record East TBC 1, Rev. 1, CE Submittal (2006).
18 Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company, Haddam Neck Plant - Historical Site Assessment Supplement in Support of the License Termination Plan, CYAPCO Submittal, TAC No. MA9791 (2001).
19 Letter from J. Donohew to K.J. Heider, "Haddam Neck Plant - Issuance of Amendment Re : Approval of License Termination Plan (LTP) TAC No. MA9791", U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Letter, dated November 25, 2002.
20 N.J. Diaz, September 8 2004. "Letter to Tom Ridge Provides an Update of Actions to The US NRC", Accessed Nov. 10 2018. Available from: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0424/ML042400525.pdf.
21 K. Kim. Groundwater and Soil Remediation Guidelines for Nuclear Power Plants: Public Edition, Electric Power Research Institute Report, 1023464 (2011).
22 Exelon Generation Company, LLC. Response to Request for Additional Information Related to Proposed 10 CFR 20.2002 Disposal Procedure, EGC Submittal, RS-15-125 (2015).
23 Letter from M. Garretson to D. Bost, "Violation Notice: Exelon Generation - Dresden Station", Violation Notice No. M-2006-02010, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Letter, dated March 31, 2006.
24 J.B. Hickman. Rancho Seco License Termination Plan_Chapter 2, Site Characterization, Sacramento Municipal Utility District Submittal, TAC No. J52668 (2008).
25 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Memorandum of Understanding Between the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Consultation and Finality on Decommissioning and Decontamination of Contaminated Sites", U.S. NRC, FR Doc No. 02-27125, 67 FR 65375 (2002).
26 J.H. Yu and W. Sohn, "Development of Historical Site Assessment (HSA) Procedure for Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants", Proc. of the 2017 Korean Nuclear Society Autumn Meeting, October 26-27, 2017, Gyeongju.
27 W. Sohn, "Status of Radiological Characteristics Evaluation and Future Plan of Kori Unit 1 (Korean)", Proc. of the 2018 Nuclear Safety and Security Information Conference, March 29-30, 2018, Daejeon.
28 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Request for Additional Information WVDP Phase 1 Decommissioning Plan", Accessed Nov. 10 2018. Available from : https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0912/ML091240051.pdf.