Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12717/DR.2020.24.2.71

Exposure to Phthalate Esters and the Risk of Endometriosis  

Kim, Ju Hee (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center)
Kim, Sung Hoon (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center)
Publication Information
Development and Reproduction / v.24, no.2, 2020 , pp. 71-78 More about this Journal
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disease, worldwide, whose true prevalence is uncertain because it is a difficult disease to diagnose. Endometriosis is a common cause of chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility, and is also associated with ovarian cancer. Although the risk factors for endometriosis are unclear, there is increasing evidence that exposure to environmental contaminants, especially phthalates, could affect the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Phthalates are industrial chemicals, used to make flexible plastics, and are present in numerous common plastic products, including medical devices and materials. Several in vitro studies have suggested a positive association between exposure to phthalate, or phthalate metabolites, and the risk of endometriosis. Since the 2000s, studies based on human plasma and urinary concentrations of various phthalate metabolites have been published, but there are still limitations to our understanding of the pathophysiology of phthalates and endometriosis. This report aims to review the current state of knowledge about a possible role of phthalates in the pathogenesis of endometriosis based on cell culture, animal models, and human data.
Keywords
Phthalate; DEHP; Endocrine disruptor; Endometriosis;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2009) Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. U.S. Department for Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport. Access at Jun 30, 2020.
2 Chen Q, Jin M, Yang F, Zhu J, Xiao Q, Zhang L (2013) Matrix metalloproteinases: Inflammatory regulators of cell behaviors in vascular formation and remodeling. Mediators Inflamm 2013:928315.
3 Cho YJ, Park SB, Han M (2015) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate induces oxidative stress in human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 407:9-17.   DOI
4 Chung HW, Lee JY, Moon HS, Hur SE, Park MH, Wen Y, Polan ML, (2002) Matrix metalloproteinase-2, membranous type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 expression in ectopic and eutopic endometrium. Fertil Steril 78:787-795.   DOI
5 Cobellis L, Latini G, De Felice C, Razzi S, Paris I, Ruggieri F, Mattzeo P, Petraglia F (2003) High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 18:1512-1515.   DOI
6 Collette T, Maheux R, Mailloux J, Akoum A (2006) Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the eutopic endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 21:3059-3067.   DOI
7 Davis BJ, Maronpot RR, Heindel JJ, (1994) Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses estradiol and ovulation in cycling rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128:216-223.   DOI
8 Frederiksen H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM (2007) Metabolism of phthalates in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:899-911.   DOI
9 Hannon PR, Peretz J, Flaws JA (2014) Daily exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters estrous cyclicity and accelerates primordial follicle recruitment potentially via dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway in adult mice. Biol Reprod 90:136.   DOI
10 Scsukova S, Rollerova E, Bujnakova Mlynarcikova A (2016) Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on onset and development of female reproductive disorders and hormone-related cancer. Reprod Biol 16:243-254.   DOI
11 Shafrir AL, Farland LV, Shah DK, Harris HR, Kvaskoff M, Zondervan K, Missmer SA (2018) Risk for and consequences of endometriosis: A critical epidemiologic review. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 51:1-15.   DOI
12 Swan SH (2008) Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ Res 108:177-184.   DOI
13 Tomonari Y, Kurata Y, David RM, Gans G, Kawasuso T, Katoh M (2006) Effect of di(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on genital organs from juvenile common marmosets: I. Morphological and biochemical investigation in 65-week toxicity study. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69:1651-1672.   DOI
14 Wang X, Shang L, Wang J, Wu N, Wang S (2010) Effect of phthalate esters on the secretion of prostaglandins (F2alpha and E2) and oxytocin in cultured bovine ovarian and endometrial cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 39:131-136.   DOI
15 Weuve J, Hauser R, Calafat AM, Missmer SA, Wise LA (2010) Association of exposure to phthalates with endometriosis and uterine leiomyomata: Findings from NHANES, 1999-2004. Environ Health Perspect 118:825-832.   DOI
16 Zondervan KT, Becker CM, Koga K, Missmer SA, Taylor RN, Vigano P (2018) Endometriosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4:9.   DOI
17 Zondervan KT, Becker CM, Missmer SA (2020) Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 382:1244-1256.   DOI
18 Jarfelt K, Dalgaard M, Hass U, Borch J, Jacobsen H, Ladefoged O (2005) Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. Reprod Toxicol 19:505-515.   DOI
19 Herreros-Villanueva M, Chen CC, Tsai EM, Er TK (2019) Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer: What have we learned so far? Clin Chim Acta 493:63-72.   DOI
20 Itoh H, Iwasaki M, Hanaoka T, Sasaki H, Tanaka T, Tsugane S (2009) Urinary phthalate monoesters and endometriosis in infertile Japanese women. Sci Total Environ 408:37-42.   DOI
21 Kato K, Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Hurtz D 3rd, Malek NA, Needham LL, Nakazawa H, Barr DB, Calafat AM (2004) Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect 112:327-330.   DOI
22 Kim J, Cha S, Lee MY, Hwang YJ, Yang E, Choi D, Lee SH, Cheon YP (2019) Chronic and low dose exposure to nonlyphenol or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters cell proliferation and the localization of steroid hormone receptors in uterine endometria in mice. Dev Reprod 23:263-275.   DOI
23 Kim SH, Cho SH, Ihm HJ, Oh YS, Heo SH, Chun S, Im H, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM (2015) Possible role of phthalate in the pathogenesis of endometriosis: In vitro, animal, and human data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:E1502-E1511.   DOI
24 Kim SH, Chun S, Jang JY, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM (2011) Increased plasma levels of phthalate esters in women with advanced-stage endometriosis: A prospective case-control study. Fertil Steril 95:357-359.   DOI
25 Kim SH, Kim SR, Ihm HJ, Oh YS, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM (2013) Regulation of P21-activated kinase-4 by progesterone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human endometrium and its increased eduxpression in advanced-stage endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E238-E248.   DOI
26 Carvalho LFP, Samadder AN, Agarwal A, Fernandes LFC, Abrao MS (2012) Oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with endometriosis: Systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 286:1033-1040.   DOI
27 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR] (2002) Toxicological Profile for Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. ATSDR, Atlanta, GA, USA.
28 Barr DB, Silva MJ, Kato K, Reidy JA, Malek NA, Hurtz D, Sadowski M, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2003) Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. Environ Health Perspect 111:1148-1151.   DOI
29 Buck Louis GM, Peterson CM, Chen Z, Croughan M, Sundaram R, Stanford J, Varner MW, Kennedy A, Giudice L, Fujimoto VY, Liping Sun MS, Wang L, Guo Y, Kannan K (2013) Bisphenol A and phthalates and endometriosis: The endometriosis: Natural history, diagnosis and outcomes study. Fertil Steril 100:162-169.   DOI
30 Cai W, Yang J, Liu Y, Bi Y, Wang H (2019) Association between phthalate metabolites and risk of endometriosis: A meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 163678.
31 Klemmt PAB, StarzinskiPowitz A (2018) Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of endometriosis. Curr Womens Health Rev 14:106-116.   DOI
32 Kim YH, Kim SH, Lee HW, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM (2010) Increased viability of endometrial cells by in vitro treatment with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Fertil Steril 94:2413-2416.   DOI
33 Kitawaki J, Kado N, Ishihara H, Koshiba H, Kitaoka Y, Honjo H (2002) Endometriosis: The pathophysiology as an estrogen-dependent disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 83:149-155.   DOI
34 Klaunig JE, Kamendulis LM, Hocevar BA (2010) Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 38:96-109.   DOI
35 Lovekamp-Swan T, Davis BJ (2003) Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect 111:139-145.   DOI
36 Murk W, Atabekoglu CS, Cakmak H, Heper A, Ensari A, Kayisli UA, Arici A (2008) Extracellularly signal-regulated kinase activity in the human endometrium: Possible roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3532-3540.   DOI
37 Reddy BS, Rozati R, Reddy BV, Raman NV (2006) Association of phthalate esters with endometriosis in Indian women. BJOG 113:515-520.   DOI
38 Richardson KA, Hannon PR, Johnson-Walker YJ, Myint MS, Flaws JA, Nowak RA (2018) Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) alters proliferation and uterine gland numbers in the uteri of adult exposed mice. Reprod Toxicol 77:70-79.   DOI
39 Schmidt JS, Schaedlich K, Fiandanese N, Pocar P, Fischer B (2012) Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on female fertility and adipogenesis in C3H/N mice. Environ Health Perspect 120:1123-1129.   DOI