Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12717/DR.2013.17.3.247

Spawning Characteristics and Artificial Hatching of Female Mottled Skate, Beringraja pulchra in the West Coast of Korea  

Kang, Hee-Woong (West Sea Fisheries Research Institute)
Jo, Yeong-Rok (West Sea Fisheries Research Institute)
Kang, Duk-Yong (West Sea Fisheries Research Institute)
Jeong, Gyeong-Suk (West Sea Fisheries Research Institute)
Jo, Hyun-Su (West Sea Fisheries Research Institute)
Publication Information
Development and Reproduction / v.17, no.3, 2013 , pp. 247-255 More about this Journal
Abstract
The gonadsomatic index (GSI) of mottled skate was the highest in April, GSI and HSI showed a reverse phase for its reproductive cycle. The fish had one pair of egg capsules, having 1 to 7 fertilized eggs, and spawned all the year round. When surveying the reproductive characteristics of females over 63 cm in disc width, we found the spawning peak was between April to June, and the appearance ratio of egg capsules was the highest in May (32.1%). The eggs were hatched at $8^{\circ}C$, $13^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, water temperature (12.8 to $24.2^{\circ}C$), and the best hatching temperature was $18^{\circ}C$. The number of fish hatched was 4 to 5 fish/egg capsules, and the hatching rate was 100%. The sex ratios of hatching larvae were 45.5% female and 54.5% male. Therefore this study will provide fundamental data and information for artificial reproduction of the mottled skate.
Keywords
Beringraja pulchra; Closed season; Egg capsule; Hatching; Spawning;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Jeong CH (1999) A review of taxonomic studies and common names of Rajid fishes (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from Korea. Kor J Ichthyol 11:198-210.
2 Jeong CH (2000) Fauna and geographical distribution of batoid fishes (Pisces, Chondrichthyes) from Korea. J Korean Soc Fish Res 3:97-106.
3 Jeong CH, Kim JK (2009) Egg capsule of Hongeo koreana (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajiidae). Korean J Ichthyol 21:283-286.
4 Jo HS, Kang EJ, Chp YR, Seo HC, Im YJ, Hwang HJ (2010) Characteristics of multi-embryo egg capsule and larvae of Mottled Skate Raja pulchra from Korea. Korean J Ichthyol 22:217-224.
5 Jo HS, Hwang HJ, Kwon DH, Jeong GS, Choi KH, Cha BR, Im YJ (2011) Fishing characters of Skate ray, Raja pulchra by the offshore longline fishery in Heuksando, Korea. J Kor Soc Fish Tech 47:403-410.   DOI
6 Jo HS, Kim KH, Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Im YJ, Kwon DH, Heu MS, Kim JS (2012) Sensory characterization of domestic Mottled Skate Beringraja pulchra as affected by area caught, sex, and weight. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 45:619-626.
7 Jo HS, Kim KH, Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Kwon DH, Im YJ, Heu MS, Kim JS (2013) A comparison of the taste and nutritional properties of domestic Mottled Skate Beringraja pulchra according to the area caught, sex, and weight. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46:129-138.
8 Kang HW, Lim HK, Kang DY, Han HS, Do YH, Park JS (2012) Maturation and spawning of the female tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis in the West Coast of Korea. Dev Reprod 16:87-93.
9 Kang JH, Park JY, Jo HS (2012) Rapid development of microsatellite markers with 454 pyrosequencing in a vulnerable fish, the mottled skate, Raja pulchra. Int J Mol Sci 13:7199-7211.   DOI
10 Kim IS, Choi Y, Lee CL, Lee YJ, Kim BJ, Kim JH (2005) Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Publishing Co., Ltd. 615pp.
11 Kim JK, Sim DS, Jeong SD (2005) Sexual maturity of Raja koreana (Elasmobranchii, Rajoidei) from Korea. Korean J Ichthyol 17:229-235.
12 King R, Cheng WH, Tseng CT, Chen HC, Cheng IJ (2013) Estimating the sex ratio of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Taiwan by the nest temperature and histological methods. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 445:140-147.   DOI
13 Kwak EJ, Lee KW, Choi NH, Park CK, Han KH, Lee WK (2006) Gonadal development and sex ratio of artificial seedlings of the Oblong rockfish Sebastes oblongus. J Kor Fish Soc 39:297-302.
14 Lang JW, Andrews HW (1994) Temperature dependent sex differentiation in crocodilians. J Exp Zool 270:28-44.   DOI
15 Lee YD, Lee TY (1987) Studies on the reproductive cycle of damselfish, Chromis notatus (Temminck et Schlegel). J Kor Fish Soc 20:509-519.
16 Lee YD, Lee TY (1988) Change in activity of liver cells and GTH cells according to sexual maturation of Chromis notatus. Annal reports Jeju Uni 12:73-78.
17 Leonard JB, Summers KAP, Koob TJ (1999) Metabolic rate of embryonic little skate, Raja erinacea (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea): The cost of active pumping. J Exp Zool 283:13-18.   DOI
18 Luer CA, Gilbert PW (1985) Mating behavior, egg deposition, incubation period, and hatching in the clearnose skate, Raja eleganteria. Env Biol Fishes 13:161-171.   DOI
19 Luer CA, Walsh CJ, Bodine AB, Wyffels JT (2007) Normal embryonic development in the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria, with experimental observations on artificial insemination. Environ Biol Fish 80:239-255.   DOI
20 Pardue MT, Luer CA, CallenderMG, Chou BR, Sivak JG (1995) The absence of a photopic influence on the refractive development of the embryonic eye of the clearnose skate (Raja eleganteria). Vision Res 25:1675-1678.
21 Park MH, Hwang IJ, Kim DJ, Lee YD, Kim HB, Baek HJ (2005) Gonadal development and sex steroid hormone levels of the yellowfish goby Acanthogobius flavimanus. J Kor Fish Soc 38:309-315.
22 Pelster B, Bemis WE (1992) Structure and function of the external gill filaments of embryonic skates (Raja erinacea). Res Physiol 89:1-13.   DOI
23 Hoff GR (2008) A nursery site of the Alaska skate (Bathyraja parmifera) in the eastern Bering Sea. Fish Bull 106:233-244.
24 Pieau C, Girondot M, Richard-Mercier N, Desvages G, Dorizzi M, Zaborski P (1994) Temperature sensitivity of sex differentiation of gonads in the European pond turtle; hormonal involvement. J Exp Zoo 270:86-94.   DOI
25 Wourms JP (1977) Reproduction and development in chondrichthyan fishes. Am Zool 21:473-515.
26 Yeon IJ, Hong SH, Park YC, Kim ST, Cha HK (1997) The reproduction of Raja pulchra Liu in the Yellow Sea. Bull Natl Fish Res Dev Inst 53:23-26.
27 Aida K, Nagahama Y, Hibiya T (1973) Physiological studies on the gonadal maturation of fish. I. Sexual difference on composition of plasma protein of ayu in relation to gonadal maturation. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 39:1091-1106.   DOI
28 Baras E, Jacobs B, Me'lard C (2001) Effect of water temperature on survival, growth and phenotypic sex of mixed (XX-XY) progenies of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Aquacul 192:187-199.   DOI
29 Hong SH, Yeon IJ, Im YJ, Hwang HJ, Ko TS, Park YC (2000) Feeding habits of Okamejei kenojei in the Yellow Sea. Bull Nat'l Fish Res Dev 58:1-9.
30 Ishihara H (1987) Revision of the Western North Pacific species of the genus Raja. J Ichthol 34:241-285.
31 Ishihara H, Homma K, Jeong CH (2005) Comparative morphological study of the egg capsules of skates (Pisces: Rajiformes). J Japan Drift Soc 3:31-41. (in Japanese)
32 Ishihara H, Treloar M, Bor PHF, Senou H, Jeong CH (2012) The comparative morphology of skate egg capsules (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes). Bul. Kanagawa prefect. Mus (Nat Sci) 41:9-25.