Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7741/rjcc.2017.25.2.237

Victim personality and appearance factors affecting bullying of middle school students and a model of consequence variables  

Yoh, Eunah (Dept. of Fashion Marketing, Keimyung University)
Publication Information
The Research Journal of the Costume Culture / v.25, no.2, 2017 , pp. 237-251 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, causes and consequences of bullying were explored, focusing on victim personality and appearance factors. The research model included the relationships among bullying, important causes of bullying (aggression, cleanliness, and obesity of victims) and consequences of bullying (self-esteem and depression) and was tested through survey data from 594 (194 male and 404 female) middle school students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis with SPSS and AMOS. In the results of the model tests, victims who are more aggressive, less clean, and more overweight are more likely to be bullied. In addition, adolescents bullied by others tend to have lower self-esteem and more depression. Furthermore, the model comparison was assessed by gender and a difference between the two gender models was found. In the check of critical ratio for difference, it was concluded that the cleanliness of the victim is a more important cause of bullying for male adolescents than for female adolescents. It is meaningful to confirm the effects of the victim's appearance factors on bullying in the literature focusing on personality issues of victims. Educators and counselors may refer to the findings in developing counseling guidelines and manuals to prevent bullying in school.
Keywords
aggression; cleanliness; obesity; bullying; self-esteem;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Mussen, P. H., Conger, J. J., Kagan, J., & Huston, A. C. (1984). Child development and personality (6th ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
2 National Youth Policy Institute. (2010). 2009 한국 아동 청소년 비만실태조사 [Korea survey on the obesity of youth and children in 2009]. Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute.
3 Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(7), 1171-1190. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x   DOI
4 Oversea Economic Team. (2017, January 14). 미국도 들끓는 왕따 문제, 법적 처벌 논란 [Bullying problems swarmed in the US, controversy on legal punishment]. Economic Review, Retrieved January 24, 2017, from http://www.econovill.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=306261
5 Park, S. K., & Chung, M. K. (2014). A study of elementary school students' living habits by grade and gender: Focused on cleanliness and Organization. Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education, 20(3), 41-65.   DOI
6 Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Pelkonen, M., & Marttunen, M. (2009). Associations between peer victimization, self-reported depression and social phobia among adolescents: The role of comorbidity. Journal of Adolescence, 32(1), 77-93. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.11.005   DOI
7 Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
8 Samples, F., & Aber, L. (1998). Evaluations of school-based violence prevention programs. In D. S. Elliott, B. A. Hamburg, & K. R. Williams (Eds.), Violence in American schools: A new perspective (pp. 217-252). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
9 Seo, Y. K. (2003). Relationships between adolescents' appearance satisfaction and self-esteem and academic achievement. Unpublished master's thesis, Sookmyung Womens' University, Seoul, Korea.
10 Shin, B. R. (2016, December 2). 암 이겨낸 11살 소녀, 급우들 왕따 못버티고 자살 [An 11 year-old girl overcome a cancer, suicided due to bullying of classmates]. Korea Daily News. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from http://www.koreadaily.com/news/read.asp?art_id=4732115
11 Sim, H.-O. (2007). A cross-sectional and longitudinal study on bullying/victimization and overt/relationalaggression: Focused on gender. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 16(6), 1107-1118.   DOI
12 Skrzypiec, G., Slee, P., Murray-Harvey, R., & Pereira, B. (2011). School bullying by one or more ways: Does it matter and how do students cope? School Psychology International, 32(3), 288-311. doi:10.1177/0143034311402308   DOI
13 Statistics Korea. (2010). 2010 사회조사보고서 [Report on the social survey]. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from http://kosis.kr/ups/ups_01List.jsp?pubcode=KN
14 Sweetingham, R., & Waller, G. (2008). Childhood experiences of being bullied and teased in the eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 16(5), 401-407. doi:10.1002/erv.839   DOI
15 The Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence. (1999). 집단 따돌림의 실태와 대처방안 [Status and preparation plan]. Seoul: The Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence.
16 The Korean Federation of Teachers' Association. (1999). 집단 따돌림(왕따) 무엇이 문제인가?: '99년도 제2차 교육개혁 대토론회 [What are problems for bullying: The 2nd education reform discussion]. Seoul: Korea National University of Education the Center for in-service education.
17 Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021   DOI
18 Wei, H.-S., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2011). Friends can hurt you: Examining the coexistence of friendship and bullying among early adolescents. School Psychology International, 32(3), 244-262. doi: 10.1177/0143034311402310   DOI
19 Yoo, J.-J., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2007). Effects of appearance-related testing on ethnically diverse adolescent girls. Adolescence, 42(166), 353-380.
20 Andreou, E., & Bonoti, F. (2010). Children's bullying experiences expressed through drawings and self-reports. School Psychology International, 31 (2), 164-177. doi:10.1177/0143034309352421   DOI
21 Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in realworld settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8(4), 291-322. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291   DOI
22 Barnett, M. A., Livengood, J. L., Sonnentag, T. L., Barlett, N. D., & Witham, R. Y. (2010). Children's anticipated responses to hypothetical peers with undesirable characteristics: Role of peers' desire to change, effort to change, and outcome. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 171(3), 262-269. doi:10.1080/00221325.2010.492815   DOI
23 Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
24 Brehm, S. S., & Kassin, S. M. (1990). Social Psychology. Boston, MA: Houghcon Mifflin.
25 Chung, J. H. (2011, December 28). 왕따의 뿌리 [Roots of bullying]. Hankook-ilbo, Retrieved January 24, 2017, from http://www.hankookilbo.com/v/28a068bf769d42e5a4c63c994c69a0f4
26 Bullying. (2009). In Special education dictionary. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=384153&mobile&cid=42128&categoryId=42128
27 Callaghan, S., & Joseph, S. (1995). Self-concept and peer victimization among schoolchildren. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 161-163. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00127-E   DOI
28 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2014, October 22). 제10차 청소년 건강행태 온라인조사 결과발표 [The 10th adolescent health status online research result presentation]. Retrieved March 20, 2015, from https://yhs.cdc.go.kr
29 Choi, J.-A. (2009). Understanding the relationship between relational victimization and depression in early adolescence based on stress-coping theory: A focus on cognitive factors and coping strategies. Studies on Korean Youth, 20(2), 383-410.
30 Chung, I.-J. (2009). Dynamic relationships of poverty and delinquency trajectories. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 30(3), 113-125.
31 Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., ... & Pickett, W. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54(2), 216-224. doi:10.1007/s00038-009-5413-9   DOI
32 Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:10.2307/3151312   DOI
33 Kim, J.-Y., & Chung, Y.-K. (2007). Impact of school violence on depression: Moderating effect of family factors. Korean Journal of Family Social Work, 19, 5-28.
34 Gini, G. (2008). Associations among overt and relational victimization and adolescents' satisfaction with friends: The moderating role of the need for affective relationships with friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(7), 812-820. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9236-9   DOI
35 Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
36 Jacobs, J. E., Lanza, S., Osgood, D. W., Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Changes in children's self-competence and values: Gender and domain differences across grades one through twelve. Child Development, 73(2), 509-527. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00421   DOI
37 Jeong, J. Y. (2013). The influence of the dysfunctional attitude of highschool students on depression: Mediating effects of stress-coping selfesteem. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea.
38 Keery, H., Boutelle, K., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The impact of appearancerelated teasing by family members. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(2), 120-127. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.015   DOI
39 Kim, K. S. (2010). AMOS 18.0 구조방적싱 모형 분석 [AMOS 18.0 structural equation model analysis]. Seoul: Hannarae.
40 Kim, K.-S., & Koo, K.-J. (2016). Effect of leisure activities on bullying and school life adjustment among the middle school students. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 66, 509-520.
41 Kim, O.-S., Kim, S.-W., & Kim, A.-J. (2002). BMI, weight control behavior, and self-esteem in high school adolescents. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Adult Nursing, 14(1), 53-61.
42 Lee, H. J., Wi, S. A., & Kim, B. J. (2015). A study of aggression and delinquent behavior: Focusing on gender difference and change. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 20(4), 675-695.
43 Kim, S.-H. (2005). A study on the causes and problems of group bullying in elementary schools. Unpublished master's thesis, Joongbu University, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea.
44 Kim, Y. A. (2000). 자기성장프로그램이 대인관계 및 자아존중감에 미치는 효과 [The effect of selfgrowth programs on personal relationships and self-esteem]. Unpublished master's thesis, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
45 Kim, Y. T., & Park, H. S. (1997). 청소년 친구 따돌림의 실태 조사 [Study on Adolescents' bullying]. In Adolescent Counseling Plaza (Ed..), 청소년상담문제 연구보고서: Vol. 29. 따돌리는 아이들, 따돌림 당하는 아이들 [Adolescents Counseling Problem Research Report] (pp. 55-84). Seoul: Adolescent Conversation Plaza.
46 Koo, B. Y. (1997). 청소년 집단 따돌림의 원인과 지도방안 [Causes of and guides for adolescents bullying]. In Adolescents Counseling Plaza (Ed.), 청소년상담문제 연구보고서: Vol. 29. 따돌리는 아이들, 따돌림 당하는 아이들 [Adolescents Counseling Problem Research Report] (pp. 7-35). Seoul: Adolescent Conversation Plaza.
47 Leahy, R. L., Holland, S. J., & McGinn, L. K. (2011). Treatment plans and interventions for depression and anxiety disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Publications.
48 Lee, K. M., & Kim, J. H. (1999). 혹시 우리아이 왕따가 아닐까? [Is my kid an outcast by chance?]. Seoul: Kookil Media.
49 Lee, M.-H. (2009). A study on the relationship between interest in appearance, appearance satisfaction and life satisfaction in adolescents. Journal of the Korean Society of Costume, 59(8), 97-109.
50 Lee, S.-J. (2003). The relationship between behavioral and psychological characteristic of bullying the child. Studies on Korean Youth, 14(2), 121-146.
51 Lee, S. G. (1999). Predicting peer rejection of middle-school students with ordered probit analysis. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 37, 357-379.
52 Lee, S. M. (1995). The influence of peer status and school achievement in middle school student's delinquency. Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
53 Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1998). Development of juvenile aggression and violence: Some common misconceptions and controversies. American Psychologist, 53(2), 242-259. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.242   DOI
54 Lumeng, J. C., Castle, V. P., & Lumeng, C. N. (2010). The role of pediatricians in the coordinated national effort to address childhood obesity. Pediatrics, 126(3), 574-575. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1873   DOI
55 Lund, R., Nielsen, K., Hansen, D., Molbo, D., Christensen, U., Due, P., et al., (2009). Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: A study of Danish men born in 1953. European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 111-116.   DOI
56 Mc Guckin, C., Cummins, P. K., & Lewis, C. A. (2008). Bully/victim problems in Northern Ireland's schools: Data from the 2000 "Young persons' Behavior and Attitude Survey". Individual Differences Research, 6(4), 280-288.
57 Moon, Y.-S. (2014). A phenomenological study on the psychological distress of damaged youth by bullying in group. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyungbuk University of Foreign Studies, Daegu, Korea.