Browse > Article

Radiation Dose-escalation Trial for Glioblastomas with 3D-conformal Radiotherapy  

Cho, Jae-Ho (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Lee, Chang-Geol (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Kim, Kyoung-Ju (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Bak, Jin-Ho (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Lee, Se-Byeoung (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Cho, Sam-Ju (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Shim, Su-Jung (Su Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Yoon, Dok-Hyun (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Chang, Jong-Hee (Departments of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Kim, Tae-Gon (Departments of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Kim, Dong-Suk (Departments of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Suh, Chang-Ok (Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Radiation Oncology Journal / v.22, no.4, 2004 , pp. 237-246 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of radiation dose-escalation on the treatment outcome, complications and the other prognostic variables for glioblastoma patients treated with 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Materials and Methods: Between Jan 1997 and July 2002, a total of 75 patients with histologically proven diagnosis of glioblastoma were analyzed. The patients who had a Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) of 60 or higher, and received at least 50 Gy of radiation to the tumor bed were eligible. All the patients were divided into two arms; Arm 1, the high-dose group was enrolled prospectively, and Arm 2, the low-dose group served as a retrospective control. Arm 1 patients received $63\~70$ Gy (Median 66 Gy, fraction size $1.8\~2$ Gy) with 3D-conformal radiotherapy, and Arm 2 received 59.4 Gy or less (Median 59.4 Gy, fraction size 1.8 Gy) with 2D-conventional radiotherapy. The Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) was defined by the surgical margin and the residual gross tumor on a contrast enhanced MRI. Surrounding edema was not included in the Clinical Target Volume (CTV) in Arm 1, so as to reduce the risk of late radiation associated complications; whereas as in Arm 2 it was included. The overall survival and progression free survival times were calculated from the date of surgery using the Kaplan-Meier method. The time to progression was measured with serial neurologic examinations and MRI or CT scans after RT completion. Acute and late toxicities were evaluated using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group neurotoxicity scores. Results: During the relatively short follow up period of 14 months, the median overall survival and progression free survival times were $15{\pm}1.65$ and $11{\pm}0.95$ months, respectively. The was a significantly longer survival time for the Arm 1 patients compared to those in Arm 2 (p=0.028). For Arm 1 patients, the median survival and progression free survival times were $21{\pm}5.03$ and $12{\pm}1.59$ months, respectively, while for Arm 2 patients they were $14{\pm}0.94$ and $10{\pm}1.63$ months, respectively. Especially in terms of the 2-year survival rate, the high-dose group showed a much better survival time than the low-dose group; $44.7\%$ versus $19.2\%$. Upon univariate analyses, age, performance status, location of tumor, extent of surgery, tumor volume and radiation dose group were significant factors for survival. Multivariate analyses confirmed that the impact of radiation dose on survival was independent of age, performance status, extent of surgery and target volume. During the follow-up period, complications related directly with radiation, such as radionecrosis, has not been identified. Conclusion: Using 3D-conformal radiotherapy, which is able to reduce the radiation dose to normal tissues compared to 2D-conventional treatment, up to 70 Gy of radiation could be delivered to the GTV without significant toxicity. As an approach to intensify local treatment, the radiation dose escalation through 3D-CRT can be expected to increase the overall and progression free survival times for patients with glioblastomas.
Keywords
Glioblastoma; 3D-CRT; Dose escalation; Target volume;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Simpson WJ, Platts ME. Fractionation study in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1976;1:639-644   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
2 Scally LT, Lin C, Beriwal S, Brady LW. Brain, Brain Stem, andCerebellum. In: Perez CA, Brady LW, eds. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Co. 1992:97-113
3 Purdy JA. 3D treatment planning and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Oncology (Huntingt) 1999;13:155-168
4 Kinsella TJ, Collins J, Rowland J, et al. Pharmacology and phase I/II study of continuous intravenous infusions of iododeoxyuridine and hyperfractionated radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:871-879   PUBMED
5 Coffey RJ, Lunsford LD, Taylor FH. Survival after stereotactic biopsy of malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 1988;22:465-473   DOI   PUBMED
6 Garden AS, Maor MH, Yung WK, et al. Outcome and patterns of failure following limited-volume irradiation for malignant astrocytomas. Radiother Oncol 1991;20:99-110   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Chan JL, Lee SW, Fraass BA, et al. Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1635-1642   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Lee SW, Fraass BA, Marsh LH, et al. Patterns of failure following high-dose 3-D conformal radiotherapy for highgrade astrocytomas: a quantitative dosimetric study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43:79-88   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
9 Cho H, Choi Y. Optimal radiation therapy field for malignant astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. J Kor Soc Ther Radiol Oncol 2002;20:199-205
10 Raaphorst GP, Feeley MM, Da Silva VF, Danjoux CE, Gerig LH. A comparison of heat and radiation sensitivity of three human glioma cell lines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:615-622   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
11 Brenner DJ, Martinez AA, Edmundson GK, Mitchell C, Thames HD, Armour EP. Direct evidence that prostate tumors show high sensitivity to fractionation (low alpha/beta ratio), similar to late-responding normal tissue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:6-13   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
12 Hasegawa M, Niibe H, Mitsuhashi N, et al. Hyperfractionated and hypofractionated radiation therapy for human malignant glioma xenograft in nude mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995;86:879-884   DOI   PUBMED
13 Jeremic B, Grujicic D, Antunovic V, Djuric L, Shibamoto Y. Accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy for malignant glioma. A phase II study. Am J Clin Oncol 1995; 18:449-453   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
14 Chang CH, Horton J, Schoenfeld D, et al. Comparison of postoperative radiotherapy and combined postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the multidisciplinary management of malignant gliomas. A joint Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Cancer 1983;52:997-1007   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Werner-Wasik M, Scott CB, Nelson DF, et al. Final report of a phase I/II trial of hyperfractionated and accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy with carmustine for adults with supratentorial malignant gliomas. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 83-02. Cancer 1996;77:1535-1543   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Loeffler JS, Alexander E 3rd, Hochberg FH, et al. Clinical patterns of failure following stereotactic interstitial irradiation for malignant gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990;19:1455-62   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
17 Kapp DS, Wagner FC, Lawrence R. Glioblastoma multiforme: treatment by large dose fraction irradiation and metronidazole. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982;8:351-345   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
18 Payne DG, Simpson WJ, Keen C, Platts ME. Malignant astrocytoma: hyperfractionated and standard radiotherapy with chemotherapy in a randomized prospective clinical trial. Cancer 1982;50:2301-2306   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Curran WJ Jr, Scott CB, Horton J, et al. Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group malignant glioma trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:704-710   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Walker MD, Alexander E Jr, Hunt WE, et al. Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. A cooperative clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1978;49: 333-343   DOI   PUBMED
21 Chang SK, Suh CO, Lee SW, Keum KC, Kim GE. Analysis of prognostic factors in glioblastoma multiforme. J Kor Soc Ther Radiol Oncol 1996;14:181-189
22 Hochberg FH, Pruitt A. Assumptions in the radiotherapy of glioblastoma. Neurology 1980;30:907-911   DOI   PUBMED
23 Andreou J, George AE, Wise A, et al. CT prognostic criteria of survival after malignant glioma surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1983;4:488-490   PUBMED
24 Mehta MP, Masciopinto J, Rozental J, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma multiforme: report of a prospective study evaluating prognostic factors and analyzing long-term survival advantage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;30:541-549   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
25 Andersen AP. Postoperative irradiation of glioblastomas. Resultsin a randomized series. Acta Radiol Oncol Radiat Phys Biol 1978;17:475-484   PUBMED
26 Shin KH, Urtasun RC, Fulton D, et al. Multiple daily fractionated radiation therapy and misonidazole in the management of malignant astrocytoma. A preliminary report. Cancer 1985;56:758-760   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Wallner KE, Galicich JH, Krol G, Arbit E, Malkin MG. Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:1405-1409   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
28 Walker MD, Strike TA, Sheline GE. An analysis of doseeffect relationship in the radiotherapy of malignant gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979;5:1725-1731   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
29 Shin KH, Muller PJ, Geggie PH. Superfractionation radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant astrocytoma. Cancer 1983;52:2040-2043   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Marks JE, Wong J. The risk of cerebral radionecrosis in relation to dose, time and fractionation. A follow-up study. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1985;29:210-218
31 Bentzen SM, Overgaard J, Thames HD, et al. Clinical radiobiology of malignant melanoma. Radiother Oncol 1989;16:169-182   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Tamura M, Nakamura M, Kunimine H, Ono N, Zama A, Hayakawa K, Niibe H. Large dose fraction radiotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 1989;7:113-119   DOI   PUBMED
33 Deutsch M, Green SB, Strike TA, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing BCNU plus radiotherapy, streptozotocin plus radiotherapy, BCNU plus hyperfractionated radiotherapy, and BCNU following misonidazole plus radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of malignant glioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:1389-1396   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn