Browse > Article

Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of Korean and Chinese College Students and Differences Between Countries: Focusing on Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy, Social Support, and Government Support Policy  

Park, JaeChun (Dankook University)
Nam, JungMin (Dankook University)
Publication Information
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship / v.17, no.3, 2022 , pp. 89-101 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of individual characteristics (entrepreneurial self-efficacy) and environmental characteristics (social support, government support policy) on entrepreneurial intention for college students in Korea and China. In particular, the moderating effect of differences between countries (Korea and China) was demonstrated in the relationship between individual and environmental characteristics and entrepreneurial intention. The results of the empirical analysis of 626 Korean and Chinese university students are as follows. First, all of the entrepreneurial self-efficacy, social support, and government support policies perceived by Korean college students had a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. In particular, Korean college students' entrepreneurial intentions were influenced in the order of social support, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and government support policies. Second, all of the entrepreneurial self-efficacy, social support, and government support policies perceived by Chinese college students had a positive effect on start-up intention. In particular, entrepreneurial intention of Chinese college students was influenced in the order of government support policy, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and social support. Third, the relationship between environmental characteristics (social support, government support policy) and entrepreneurial intention was adjusted by differences between countries. First, the positive relationship between social support and entrepreneurial intention was generally higher for Chinese college students than for Korean college students. In addition, the positive relationship between government support policy and entrepreneurial intention was higher for Chinese college students than for Korean college students as the level of awareness of government support policy increased. Finally, theoretical and practical implications for the intention of Korean and Chinese college students to start a business were presented, and the limitations of the study and future research directions were presented based on this study.
Keywords
entrepreneurial self-efficacy; social support; government support policy; entrepreneurial intention; Korea; China;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Thoits, P. A.(1986). Social Supports as Coping Assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 54(4), 416-423.   DOI
2 Thompson, E. R.(2009). Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: Construct Clarification and Development of an Internationally Reliable Metric. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 33(3), 669-694.   DOI
3 Roh, H. T., Ryou, Y. J., & Chun, K. M.(2020). A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Task-Related Diversity and Psychological and Behavioral Integration in Top Management Teams and the Moderating Role of National Cultural Characteristics. Korean Journal of Management, 28(2), 101-132.
4 Turker, D., & Selcuk, S. S.(2009). Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students?. Journal of European industrial training, 33(2), 142-159.   DOI
5 Nam, J. M., You, H. K., Kim, Y. H., Kang, E. J., Lee, H. S., Jang, K. H., & Kim, S. J.(2022). An Analysis of IPA for the Improvement of University Start-up Support System: Focusing on the Case of the D University. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Venture Studies, 17(2), 53-64.
6 Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Niesen, I.(2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 403-419.   DOI
7 No, H. C., & Hyun, B. H.(2017). The effects of potential entrepreneur's characteristics and governmental entrepreneurship support system on the entrepreneurial intention: Focusing on mediating Effect of governmental entrepreneurship support system. Productivity Review, 31(3), 35-66.   DOI
8 Nam, J. M., & Lee, H. S.(2019). A Study on the Perception of Entrepreneurial Environment and the Attitude of Entrepreneurs by Asian Countries: Comparative Analysis of China, Japan, Korea, and Singapore. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Venture Studies, 22(3), 51-63.
9 Ok, J. W., Hyun, B. H., Chang, E. S., & Yang, J. M.(2020). A Study on the Effect of Social Support on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Behaviors: Mediating Effects of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intentions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 151-165.   DOI
10 Oliver, R. L.(1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decision. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4) 460-469.   DOI
11 Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L.(1994). Alternative Scales for measure in Service Quality: A Comparative Assessment based on Psychometric and Diagnostic Criteria. Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 201-230.   DOI
12 Park, J. C., Kim, D. W., Hwang, G. Y., & Nam, J. M.(2022). Entrepreneurial behavior seminar 2nd. Seoul: Hankyungsa.
13 Park, N. G., Kim, M. S., & Ko, J. W.(2015). The Effect of the Government's Entrepreneurial Support Policy on Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Intention. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(6). 89-98.   DOI
14 GEM(2021). Global entrepreneurship monitor. Retrieved (2022.06.01.) from https://www.gemconsortium.org/. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
15 Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I.(1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An introduction to Theory and Research, Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.
16 Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M.(2014). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav, 1(1), 413-438.   DOI
17 GEM(2020). Global entrepreneurship monitor. Retrieved (2022.06.01.) from https://www.gemconsortium.org/. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
18 Hockerts, K.(2017). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130.   DOI
19 Oh, S. H., & Ha, K. S.(2013). Effects on Entrepreneurial Intention by Start-up Environment and Self-efficacy Mediated by Fear of Business Failure. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management, 11(8), 143-157.
20 Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W.(1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of management, 12(4), 531-544.   DOI
21 Veciana, J. M., Aponte, M., & Urbano, D.(2005). University Students' attitudes towards Entrepreneurship: A Two Countries Comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165-182.   DOI
22 Wang, C., Wong, P., & Lu, Q.(2002). Tertiary education and entrepreneurial intentions. In P. Phan (Ed.), Technological entrepreneurship. Greenwich, CT.: Information Age Publishing.
23 Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D.(2007). Gender, entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship Education1. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406.   DOI
24 Chung, D. Y., Kim, C. K., & Yang, J. H.(2014). The Effects to Entrepreneurial Intention between Korea and China University Student-Focused on Multiple Group Path Analysis. Korean Business Education Review, 29(3), 176-201.
25 Barbosa, S. D., Gerhardt, M. W., & Kickul, J. R.(2007). The role of cognitive style and risk preference on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(4), 86-104.   DOI
26 Bird, B.(1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.   DOI
27 Cho, M. S.(2017.05.03.). The Challenge to Overcome the Opposition of Young Entrepreneurship and Parents. Herald Corporation, Retrieved from http://mbiz.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20170501000482.
28 Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. G.(1983). Applied multiple regression. correlation analysis for behaviour sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29 Cox, K. C., Lortie, J., & Castrogiovanni, G.(2018). An integrated model of intentional entrepreneurial action. In Inside the Mind of the Entrepreneur, 3-15.
30 Ahn, H. S., & Yang, D. W.(2019). The Influence of Entrepreneurs' Personal Characteristics on Entrepreneurial Intention with the Moderating Effect of Perception of Startup Support System. Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Society, 14(6), 378-410.   DOI
31 Johnson, B. R.(1990). Toward a Multidimensional Model of Entrepreneurship: The Case of Achievement Motivation the Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(1), 39-54.   DOI
32 Hofstede, G.(1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. CA: Sage Publications.
33 Hofstede, G.(2001). Cultural consequences. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage.
34 Jeong, T. H., & Ryou, H. S.(2012). The Influence of National Culture on Entrepreneurial Activity and Motive. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Venture Studies, 15(4), 29-55.
35 Kang, S. J., & Beon, S. H.(2017). Psychological Characteristics of Pre-founders, Characteristics of Start-up Preparations Impact on Entrepreneurship Intention. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship. 12(4), 85-96.   DOI
36 Kim, C. H.(2018). A Study on the Influence of Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurship, University Entrepreneurship Support System at University Students: Focused on Moderating Effect of Social Support. Doctoral dissertation, Hoseo University.
37 Kim, S. H., Bok, K. S., & Park, J. C.(2015). Relationship Among Self-Determination, Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students in Korea. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(5). 15-26.
38 Shin, D. P., Bae, Y. G., & Son, S. H.(2018). Current and Implications of the Technology-Based Startup Support Policy. Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning, 2018(8). Chungcheongbuk-do: KISTEP.
39 Song, J. H.(2021). Study Of Effectiveness Of Personal Trait & Startup Supporting Program On Startup Willing And Regulation Effect Of Social Support: For Performance Art Major Student. The Journal of KCEBA, 5(2), 126-146.
40 Courneya, K. S., Plotnikoff, R. C., Hotz, S. B., & Birkett, N. J.(2000). Social support and the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain. American Journal of Health Behavior, 24(4), 300-308.   DOI
41 Kim, Y. J., Suh, Y. G., & Hong, J. I.(2018). The Effects of Internal Competence and Growth Stages on the Performance of Venture Business: the Moderating Effect in Connection with Government Funding Utilization. Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society, 21(2), 636-662.
42 Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L.(2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5/6), 411-432.   DOI
43 Mair, J., & Noboa, E.(2006). Social Entrepreneurship: How Intentions to Create a Social Venture Get Formed, Social entrepreneurship. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
44 McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Stephen, L., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M.(2009). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: Refining the measure. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 33(4), 965-988.   DOI
45 McGee, J., & Peterson, M.(2017). The long-term impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation on venture performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 720-737.   DOI
46 Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M.(1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 13(2), 99-125.   DOI
47 Kim, M. S., & Kim, Y. G.(2012). Effects of Individual Trait, Educational, Organizational Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions in Tourism College Students: the Mediating Effects of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Journal of Food service Management Society of Korea, 15(4), 61-84.
48 Cho, H. J., Choi, D. S., & Sung, C. S.(2020). A Study on the Effect of Entrepreneurial Mentoring on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Effects of Social Support and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 15(2), 81-96.   DOI
49 Lee, C. W., & Oh, H. M.(2017). An Effect of Compassion, Moral Obligation on Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Examining the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(5), 127-139.   DOI
50 House, J. S.(1981). Work Stress and Social Support. MA Reading: Addison-Wesley.
51 Gartner, W. B., & Vesper, K. H.(1994). Experiments in entrepreneurship education: Successes and failures. Journal of business Venturing, 9(3), 179-187.   DOI
52 Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S.(2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: a nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. The Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.   DOI
53 Nam, J. M., & Lee, H. S.(2017). A Study on the Current State and Effect of Entrepreneurship Education in Major Countries: Comparison of the 2016 Global Entrepreneurship Index. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(6), 111-122.   DOI
54 Kim, S. C., Jeon, B. H., & Yun, S. I.(2020). Meta-analysis on the Effect of Startup Support Policies to Startup Performance. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 15(6), 95-114.   DOI
55 Cox, L., Mueller, S., & Moss, S.(2002). The impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education. 1(2), 286-299.
56 Hong, J. W., Yeom, J. H., & Kim, K. H.(2018). A study on factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of potential female entrepreneurs. Productivity Review, 32(4), 333-362.   DOI
57 GEM(2022). Global entrepreneurship monitor. Retrieved (2022.06.01.) from https://www.gemconsortium.org/. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
58 Kang, H. C., & Wang, L.(2017). A Comparative study on the Entrepreneurship of Korea and China. Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, 7, 927-935   DOI
59 Kim, I. S.(2019). A Study on the Start-up Support Policy for University Students of China. Korean-Chinese Social Science Studies, 17(1), 55-79.   DOI
60 Kim, S. H., & Kim, J. S.(2018). The Effect of Self-Leadership on Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students in Korea: The Mediating Effects of Social Support. The Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 18(6), 303-320
61 Korea Enterprises federation(2022). Survey on Employment Perception of Young Job Seekers. Korea Enterprises federation, 89, 18-19
62 Lee, J. S., & Xu, D. P.(2010). A Comparison of determinant factors of the entrepreneurial intention among Korean and Chinese students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business, 1(2), 65-81.
63 Bae, T., Qian, S., Miao, C., &. Fiet, J.(2014). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 38(2), 217-254.   DOI
64 Ahn, J. W., & Yoo, D. H.(2016). A Comparative Study of the Effect of University Students' Individualism on Entrepreneurial Orientation in Korea and China. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Venture Studies, 11(4), 59-69.
65 Ajzen, I.(1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.   DOI
66 Ajzen, I.(2019). Theory of planned behavior. Retrieved from http://people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.html
67 Hofstede, G.(1991). Empirical models of cultural differences. Washington, D. C.: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers.