Browse > Article

Active Seniors' Organizational and Functional Entrepreneurial Competencies: Discovering Unobserved Heterogeneous Relationships between Entrepreneurial Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention using PLS-POS  

Shin, Hyang Sook (SS2 Investment Co.)
Bae, Jee-eun (Hoseo University)
Chao, Meiyu (Asian Food Co.)
Lee, Yong-Ki (Sejong University)
Publication Information
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship / v.17, no.2, 2022 , pp. 15-31 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was conducted to suggest a start-up policy that includes start-up education and support for active seniors with various careers who try to change their careers before and after retirement. From this point of view, this study divided the factors affecting the entrepreneurial will of active seniors into entrepreneurship organizational and functional competency and identified the effect of these competencies on entrepreneurial efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. In the proposed model, start-up competency is divided into organizational competency (leadership, creativity problem-solving, communication, decision-making) and functional competency (management strategy, marketing, business plan). And this study examined the mediating role of entrepreneurial efficacy in the relationship between entrepreneurial competency factors and entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, PLS-POS analysis was performed to uncover the heterogeneity and pattern in the proposed structural model. The survey was conducted with the help of an online survey company from November 27 to December 15, 2020 for the active senior age group from 40 to under 65 years old. Data were collected from a total of 433 panelists and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.3.7 programs. The findings are as follows. First, the finding shows that the entrepreneurial organizational and functional competencies of active seniors had significant positive(+) effects on entrepreneurial efficacy. Second, the result shows that entrepreneurial organizational and functional competencies of active seniors had significant positive(+) effects on entrepreneurial intention. Third, the findings show that entrepreneurship efficacy had a significantly positive(+) effect on entrepreneurial intention. The findings of PLS-POS show that entrepreneurship education needs to be carried out by identifying the needs that require entrepreneurial organizational and functional competency when training for entrepreneurship competency. In summary, the findings of the current study are to determine what the competency factors are for the government (local government) to increase the policy direction necessary for establishing and implementing entrepreneurship education and training programs to develop policies to enhance the economic activity participation rate of active seniors.
Keywords
Active Senior; Entrepreneurial Competencies; Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy; Entrepreneurial Intentions; PLS-POS;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Lee, Y. K., Kim, S. H., & Seo, M. K.(2015). Franchise Core Competency and its Relationship with Environmental Uncertainty, Competitive Advantage, and Financial Performance: An Empirical Assessment of Food-service Franchise Firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(10), 1151-1173.   DOI
2 Na, S. G.(2016). A Study on the Structural Causality Relationship among the Service Quality, Satisfaction, Reliability and Recommendation Intention of Education for Start ups of Small Enterprises. Journal of Business Education Review, 31(5), 123-143.
3 Park, J. B., Yang, Y., & Kim, M.(2020). The Effect of Active Senior's Career Orientation and Educational Entrepreneurship Satisfaction on Entrepreneurship Intention and Entrepreneurship Preparation Behavior. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 285-301.   DOI
4 Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J.(2005). The Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(1), 42-57.   DOI
5 Epstein, R.(1995). Creativity Games for Trainers: A Handbook of Group Activities for Jumpstarting Workplace Creativity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
6 Lee, H. K., & Lee, I. H.(2016). The Study of the Effects of College Student's Creativity and Self-efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intention. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 111-120.   DOI
7 Ronstadt, R.(1985). The Educated Entrepreneurs: A New Era of Entrepreneurial Education Is Beginning. American Journal of Small Business, 10(1), 7-23.   DOI
8 Kang, J. H., & Ha, K. S.(2015). A Study of Effect of Self-Leadership by College Student on Recognition of Opportunity on Establishment of Company and Will of Establishing Company: Centered on Mediated Effect of Entrepreneurship. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(4), 1-12.
9 Hur, S. B., & Lee, Y. K.(2021). The Effect of Franchisors' Gapjil on Economic Satisfaction, Social Satisfaction, and Recontract Intention. Korean Journal of Franchise Management, 12(2), 35-49.   DOI
10 Jung, J. H.(2014). A Study on the Effects of Start-Up Education Program on the Entrepreneurship and the Start-up and Management Performance. Doctoral Dissertation, Konkuk University.
11 Kang, T. W., Sinha, P. N., Park, C. I., & Lee, Y. K.(2021). Exploring the intra entrepreneurship-employee engagement-creativity linkage and the diverse effects of gender and martial status. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 739614.
12 Keller, P. A., & Block, L. G.(1997). Vividness Effects: A Resource-matching Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(3), 295-304.   DOI
13 Kim, H. R.(2008). An Empirical Study on the Effects of Personality and Self Leadership of Potential Founders in the Micro Business Area on Founder Self-efficacy: Applying the Big Five Factors Model and the Self-Leadership Theory. Korean Journal of Business Administration, 21(6), 2393-2420.
14 Weerakoon, C., & Kodithuwakku, S.(2018). Entrepreneurial Competencies and Entrepreneurial Orientation: Moderating Effects of Firm Age and Firm Size. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 14(1), 75-100.
15 Lee, Y. K., Kim, S. H., Bae, G. C., Kim, J., & Lee, J. H.(2016). Effects of Influential Strategies on Closeness, Relationship Quality, and Cooperation: Franchisees' Perspectives in Food-Service Industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(Sup1), 129-154.
16 Seo, S. Y.(2019). Influence of Youth's Entrepreneurial Competence on Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Intention and The Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurial Education. Doctoral Dissertation, Chosun University.
17 Smith, B., & Morse, E.(2005). Entrepreneurial Competencies: Literature Review and Best Practices. Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa.
18 Son, S. H., Kim, J. D., & Chol, S. Y.(1997). An Overview of Promotion Educating Programs in Korea. Journal of Management, 18, 55-79.
19 Spencer, L. M., McClelland, D., & Spencer, S.(1997). Competency Assessment Methods. What Works: Assessment. Development, and Measurement, 1, 1-36.
20 Piperopoulos, P., & Dimov, D.(2015). Burst Bubbles or Build Steam? Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 970-985.   DOI
21 Kim, E. J., Kim, S. H., & Lee, Y. K.(2019). The Effects of Brand Hearsay on Brand Trust and Brand Attitudes. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(7), 765-784.   DOI
22 Kim, H. J., & Jeon, S. G.(2006). Applications of Competency Based HRM to Korean Firms: A Contingency Approach. Korean Academy of Management, 14(2), 107-139.
23 Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W.(2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.   DOI
24 Miller, V. A., & Drotar, D.(2007). Decision-making Competence And Adherence To Treatment in Adolescents With Diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(2), 178-188.   DOI
25 Boyatzis, R. E.(2008). Competencies in the 21st Century. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 5-12.   DOI
26 Asree, S., Zain, M., & Razalli, M. R.(2010). Influence of Leadership Competency and Organizational Culture on Responsiveness and Performance of Firms. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 22(4), 500-516   DOI
27 Lee, J. R., & Chang, G. S.(2018). Impact of Startup Support Program on Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy, Opportunity Recognition.Startup Intention of Undergraduate Students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 43-60.   DOI
28 Ahn, T. U., & Park, J. W.(2018). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on the Career Path of University Students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 177-192.   DOI
29 Drnovsek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S.(2010). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Business Start-Up: Developing A Multi-Dimensional Definition. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 16(4), 329-348.   DOI
30 Thompson, E. R.(2009). Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: Construct Clarification and Development of an Internationally Reliable Metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694.   DOI
31 Bandura, A.(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.   DOI
32 Becker, J. M., Rai, A., Ringle, C. M., & Volckner, F.(2013). Discovering Unobserved Heterogeneity in Structural Equation Models to Avert Validity Threats. MIS Quarterly, 37(3), 665-694.   DOI
33 Boyatzis, R. E.(1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
34 Burns, J. M.(1979). Two Excerpts From Leadership. Educational Leadership, 36, 380-383.
35 Tsai, K. H., Chang, H. C., & Peng, C. Y.(2016). Extending the Link Between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(2), 445-463.   DOI
36 Lee, J. A., & Ahn, Y. S.(2018). Developing Measurement Tool of Entrepreneurship for Young Entrepreneurs. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 13(4), 197-209.   DOI
37 Sung, C. S., Cho, S. H., & Byun, C. G.(2013). An Exploratory Study on Senior Entrepreneurial Start-up Needs. Productivity Review, 27(1), 287-312.   DOI
38 Swanson, E., Kim, S., Lee, S. M., Yang, J. J., & Lee, Y. K.(2020). The Effect of Leader Competencies on Knowledge Sharing and Job Performance: Social Capital Theory. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42, 88-96.   DOI
39 Cogliser, C. C., & Brigham, K. H.(2004). The Intersection of Leadership and Eentrepreneurship: Mutual Lessons to be Learned. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 771-799.   DOI
40 Chin, W. W.(1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.
41 Easterby-Smith, M., & Prieto, I. M.(2008). Dynamic Capabilities and Knowledge Management: An Integrative Role for Learning? British Journal of Management, 19(3), 235-249.   DOI
42 Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B.(1992). A Primer for Soft Modeling. OH: University of Akron Press.
43 Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L. M., & Ringle, C. M.(2016). Identifying and Treating Unobserved Heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: Part I-method. European Business Review, 28(1), 63-76.   DOI
44 Mulder, M., Lans, T., Verstegen, J., Biemans, H., & Meijer, Y.(2007). Competence Development of Entrepreneurs in Innovative Horticulture. Journal of Workplace Learning. 19(1), 32-44.   DOI
45 Veciana, J. M., Aponte, M., & Urbano, D.(2005). University Students' Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship: A Two Countries Comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165-182.   DOI
46 Vorhies, D. W., & Morgan, N. A.(2005). Benchmarking Marketing Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Journal of Marketing, 69(1), 80-94.   DOI
47 Welsh, D. H., Kaciak, E., Memili, E., & Zhou, Q. (2017). Work-family Balance and Marketing Capabilities As Determinants Of Chinese Women Entrepreneurs' Firm Performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 30(3), 174-191.   DOI
48 Mcmullan, W. E., & Long, W. A.(1987). Entrepreneurship Education in the Nineties. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 261-275.   DOI
49 Miller, T. L., Wesley, C. L., & Williams, D. E.(2012). Educating the Minds of Caring Hearts: Comparing the Views of Practitioners and Educators on the Importance of Social Entrepreneurship Competencies. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 349-370.   DOI
50 Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., Fu, J., & Singhal, S.(2013). A Competency-Based Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education: Conceptual and Empirical Insights. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 352-369.   DOI
51 Neugarten, B. L.(1996). The Meanings of Age: Selected Papers. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
52 Baron, R. A., & Tang, J.(2009). Entrepreneurs' Social Skills and New Venture Performance: Mediating Mechanisms and Cultural Generality. Journal of Management, 35(2), 282-306.   DOI
53 Bandura, A.(1982). Self-efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.   DOI
54 Bandura, A.(1991). Social Cognitive Theory of Self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248-287.   DOI
55 Bird, B. J.(1989). Entrepreneurial Behavior. Glenview: Scott Foresman and Co.
56 Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S.(1994). The Influence of Self-efficacy on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77.   DOI
57 Cassar, G., & Friedman, H.(2009). Does Self-efficacy Affect Entrepreneurial Investment?. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(3), 241-260.   DOI
58 Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A.(1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.   DOI
59 Fuller, B., Liu, Y., Bajaba, S., Marler, L. E., & Pratt, J.(2018). Examining How the Personality, Self-efficacy, and Anticipatory Cognitions of Potential Entrepreneurs Shape Their Entrepreneurial Intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 125, 120-125.   DOI
60 Ahn, T. U., & Kang, T. W.(2017). A Study on the Effects of Entrepreneurship Capability on the Employment Volition: Focused on the Mediator Effect of Entrepreneurship. Journal of Distribution and Management Research, 20(5), 81-89.   DOI
61 Kim, J. M., & Lee, S. Y.(2020). The Influence of Start-up Education, Government Support and Entrepreneurship on Start-up Intention and Performance. Journal of International Trade & Commerce, 16(3), 429-448
62 Kwak, D. S., Jung, H. Y., & Kim, M. S.(2016). The Effect of University Entrepreneurial Education Service Quality on Education Satisfaction, Entrepreneurial Capability, and Entrepreneurial Intention. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 37-48.
63 Ajzen, I.(1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.   DOI
64 Kim, J. S.(2006). Study on the Spending Behaviors, related to the Cognitive Age of the Consumers in the Elderly Generation: Mainly on the Aspects of the Propensity to Purchase and Different Types of Lifestyles. Doctoral Dissertation, Sookmyung Women's University.
65 Kim, J. Y., Sung, C. S., & Park, J. Y.(2017). A Study on the Creative Problem-Solving Education in Entrepreneurship Education of Higher Educational Institutions: Lessons and Implications From Leading Countries' Educational Policies and Cases. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 65-76.   DOI
66 Krueger, N. F.(2007). What Lies Beneath? The Experiential Essence of Entrepreneurial Thinking. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(1), 123-38.   DOI
67 Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L.(1993). Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330.   DOI
68 Ahn, T. U., & Kang, T. W.(2019). The Impacts of Startups Entrepreneurship on Business Performance: Focused on the Mediating Effect of Dynamic Capabilities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 14(4), 39-49.
69 Nowinski, W., Haddoud, M. Y., Lancaric, D., Egerova, D., & Czegledi, C.(2019). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in The Visegrad Countries. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 361-379.   DOI
70 Olokundun, M. A., Ibidunni, A. S., Peter, F., Amaihian, A. B., & Ogbari, M.(2017). Entrepreneurship Educator's Competence on University Students' Commitment to Learning And Business Plan Writing. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 16(2), 1-10.
71 McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: Refining the Measure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988.   DOI
72 Kim, J.-E., & Kim, E.-K.(2016). A development of outdoor jackets for active senior males. Journal of the Korea Fashion & Costume Design Association, 20(2), 31-46.   DOI
73 Kyndt, E., & Baert, H.(2015). Entrepreneurial competencies: Assessment and predictive value for entrepreneurship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 13-25.   DOI
74 Choi, D. S., & Sung, C. S.(2017). Effect of Entrepreneurial Competencies on Entrepreneurial Intention: IT Competency, Creativity Competency, Social Competency, Market Perception Competency. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 101-109.   DOI
75 Lee, S. H., Lee B. R., & Kim, H. J.(2016). A Study on Mediating Effect and Moderating Effect of Career Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intention: Focused on the Effect of Entrepreneurial Capacity Building Education and Entrepreneurial Education. Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Society, 11(4), 1-25.
76 Lee, S. J., & Kim, Y. H.(2019).A New Perspective on Opportunity Capturing of Entrepreneurs: Focusing on Problem Recognition and Problem Solving Capabilities. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Venture Studies, 22(2), 1-16.
77 Lee, W. J., Kim, J. S., & Kim, Y. T.(2013). An Empirical Study on the Influence of Entrepreneurship Education Quality and Satisfaction to University Student's Entrepreneurial Intention. Korea Association of Business Education, 28(3), 105-131.
78 Lose, T., & Kwahene, F.(2021). Demographical Variables and Entrepreneurial Disposition: A Narrative Overview of Literature. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 27 (Special Issue 1), 1-8.
79 Man, T. W., Lau, T., & Chan, K.(2002). The Competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises: A Conceptualization with Focus on Entrepreneurial Competencies. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(2), 123-142.   DOI
80 Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A.(2002). Inventors and New Venture Formation: The Effects of General Self-efficacy and Regretful Thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149-165.   DOI
81 Ha, H. H., & Byun, C. G.(2014). The Effects of Creativity on Attitude Towards Business Startup and Entrepreneurial Intent. Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Society, 9(4), 1-22.
82 Zuckerman, A. M.(2004). The Importance of Being Earnest About Your Business Plan. Healthcare Financial Management, 58(8), 100-101.
83 Delanoe-Gueguen, S., & Linan, F.(2019). A longitudinal analysis of the influence of career motivations on entrepreneurial intention and action. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 36(4), 527-543.   DOI
84 Epstein, R.(1996). Cognition, Creativity, and Behavior: Selected Essays. CT: Praeger.
85 Farago, F. E., Denkewski, W., Lourenco, M. L., & Fernandes, J. M. F.(2019). Dynamic Capabilities, New Business Creation and the Entrepreneur: An Analysis About the La La Land Film. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 1-14.
86 Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F.(1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.   DOI
87 Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M.(2021). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). CA: Sage publications.
88 Liebana-Cabanillas, F., & Alonso-Dos-Santos, M.(2017). Factors that Determine the Adoption of Facebook Commerce: The Moderating Effect of Age. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 44, 1-18.   DOI
89 Kim, Y. T.(2017). The Effects of Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Competence and Attitude on Undergraduate Entrepreneurial Intention. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 13-20.   DOI
90 Watson, K., & McGowan, P.(2019). Rethinking Competition-Based Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education Institutions. Education+Training, 62(1), 31-46.   DOI
91 Zarefard, M., & Cho, S. E.(2018). Entrepreneurs' Managerial Competencies and Innovative Start-Up Intentions in University Students: Focus on Mediating Factors. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 1-22.
92 Karlsson, T., & Honig, B.(2009). Judging a Business by its Cover: An Institutional Perspective on New Ventures and the Business Plan. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(1), 27-45.   DOI
93 Kim, J. M., & Lee, S. Y.(2020). The Influence of Start-up Education, Government Support and Entrepreneurship on Start-up Intention and Performance. Journal of International Trade & Commerce, 16(3), 429-448.
94 Choi, S. H., Kang, H, K., & Lee, D. S.(2020). Impact of Youth Entrepreneurial Competency on the Success and Satisfaction of Start-ups through Entrepreneurial Self-Efficiency. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 15(5), 245-259.   DOI
95 Haverila, M., McLaughlin, C., Haverila, K. C., & Arora, M.(2020). Beyond Lurking and Posting: Segmenting the Members of a Brand Community on the Basis of Engagement, Attitudes and Identification. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 30(3), 449-466.   DOI
96 Hsu, D. K., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Simmons, S. A., Foo, M.-D., Hong, M. C., & Pipes, J. D.(2019). I Know I Can, But I Don'T Fit: Perceived Fit, Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311-326.   DOI
97 Ji, K. D.(2020). A Study on Improving the Life Quality of Active Senior by Health Care and Empathy Mentoring. Doctoral Dissertation, CHA University.
98 Kang, B. S.(2020). Impacts of Seniors' Entrepreneur Competency and Startup Support on Entrepreneurship Efficacy, Opportunity Awareness, and Startup Intention. Doctoral Dissertation, Sejong University.
99 Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E.(2005). The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.   DOI
100 Yoo, B. H.(2014). A Study on Influential Factors of Self-leadership on Start-up Intention. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 15(3), 1382-1389.   DOI