소나무에서 추출해낸 천연유기유황(Natural Sulfur)의 의학적 가치는 1972년 Jacob 박사와 Herschler 박사가 오래곤 과학대학에서 천연식이유황(Natural Sulfur/MSM)을 가지고 표피조직에 미치는 영향을 구명하면서 keratin 단백질에 대한 연구가 활성화 되기 시작하였다. 세포내 골격물질은 크게 형태와 조성에 따라서 actin microfilament, microtubule, 그리고 intermediate filament(IF)로 구분된다. keratin의 특성은 keratin intermediate family중에서 K17 IF가 새로운 기능을 나타내는데 피부세포의 성장에 핵심적인 조절 역할을 한다는 사실이 밝혀 지면서 Dr. Pierre A. Coulombe(The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)연구실은 브로컬리와 같은 십자화과 식물 등에 과량 존재하는 항산화 및 항암물질인 sulforaphane이 K17의 발현을 특이적으로 증가시킨다는 것을 알아내어 피부박리와 같은 피부손상을 기능적으로 복구시킬수 있음을 확인하였다. 현재는 수포성 표피박리증 환자군의 많은 부분을 차지하는 K14 돌연변이와 동일한 유전적 변형을 일으킨 생쥐모델을 이용한 약물 효과 검증과 전 임상단계의 인체실험을 함께 진행중에 있다. Mark E. Van Dyke 박사(Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Medical Center)는 인간의 머리털에서 유래된 keratin으로 외상에 의한 신경 절단이나 압좌(압박손상)는 현재 다른 부위의 신경을 잘라 이식하거나 절단된 신경 양끝을 인공도관(conduit)으로 연결해 신경재생을 유도하는 미세수술을 시행하게 되는데, 신경재생을 유도하는 도관에 keratin을 주입하면 신경이식과 맞먹는 신경재생 성공률을 기대할 수 있다고 하였다. 앞으로는 동물성 keratin뿐만 아니라 식물성 keratin도 함께 연구할 필요가 있다. 동물성 keratin의 농업적 이용은 가금류 깃털의 keratin을 축출하여 친환경 육묘용 용기를 만드는데 있다. 이 용기는 자연조건에서 생분해될 수 있는 특성을 갖고 있다.

The aim of this study is to investigate anti-stress effect of Nelumbo nucifera extract (NNE) inimmobilization - stressed ICR mice. Stress exposure has induced adrenal gland weight, plasma glucose and level in NNE. The experiments were performed with the use of 9 weeks of age male ICR mice (20-25g) at the time of first treatment with NNE. Animals of the normal group were not exposed to any stress and the control group were exposed to stress. The rats of NNE and Diazepam (BZ) supplementary group were orally administered once a day, 100 mg of NNE, 5 mg of BZ extract/kg body weight and they were exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraining. NNE was effective in decreasing scopolamine induced deficit in passive avoidance test and levels of blood corticosterone which was increased by stress in the mice.

Selection of specific medicinal sources as well as bioactive compounds is important for the preparation of medicine and related products with good quality. It is necessary to pay close attention for choosing correct medicinal sources, particularly in case of medicinal plants, because of their diversity, which can affect the quality and efficacy of medicine. Discrimination of plants based on morphological or genetic characteristics has been used as a conventional classification method of pharmaceutical sources so far; however, more need demands more general methods for accurate quality assessment of medicinal plants. In this study, ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) technique applied to this metabolic profiling is a powerful tool due to its higher sensitivity, resolution, and speed compared to conventional HPLC technique. The metabolite profiling of several medicinal plants including Panax ginseng was carried out using UPLC/Q-TOF MS and total metabolites were then subsequently applied to various statistical tools to compare the patterns. The developed metabolomics tool with UPLC/Q-TOF MS successfully identified and classified the samples tested according to their origins.

Bacteria of the Bacillus sp. are well known to possess antagonistic activity against numerous plant pathogens. In the present study, 11 Bacillus sp. were isolated from the brackish environment and assayed for antagonistic activity under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Among the 11 isolates tested, 9 isolates effectively inhibited the growth of various plant pathogens, namely Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora citropthora, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora sojae, Colletotricum coccodes, Colletotricum gloeosporioides, Colletotricum acutatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Fusarium graminearum, Pyricularia sp. and Monilina sp. The effective isolates were further screened for Phytophthora blight suppression in Capsicum annuum L. under green house conditions. The isolate SB10 exhibited the maximum (72.2%) reduction in disease severity. The antifungal compounds from the isolate were isolated and characterized. The isolated compounds exhibited high thermo stability ($100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min). Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight investigation of the antifungal compounds revealed three lipopeptide complexes, the surfactins, the iturins, and the fengycins.

Korea is one of the Northeast Asian countries in the Northern climatic zone. It is wide spread from north to south so that can be affected by various kinds of plants flora of the continent of Asia. Korea has complicated topography, mountains and hills included by an alpine belt. According to the distribution of plants, it can be classified to 5 areas; Northern part, Central part, Southern part, JeJuDo(濟州道) and UlLungDo(鬱陵島). Nakai of Japan, reported Plants in Korean peninsula as 3176 species, 841 varietal species and 174 varieties in "A Synoptical sketch of Korean flora". Lee of Korea, reported 3409 species, 6 sub-species, 756 varietal species and 287 varieties in "Korean Plants Resources". Isidoja(石戶谷) of Japan, simply described crude drug names, scientific names, effects, etc. of 45 species of Korean Medicinal Plants in the book "Journal of Jo-Seon Pharmacy(朝鮮藥學會會報)" third edition (published in 1925) and also explained 250 species of crude drug collected in Manchuria, Mongolia and Korean peninsula in the book "Medicinal plants in Northern Asia(北支那의 藥草)"(1931). Im and Jung organized 227 species of Medicinal Plants in "Wild Medicinal Plants from Jo-Seon(北支那의 藥草)" and it is said that 1000 species of plants can be used for medicinal purposes in Korea.

자원식물을 소재로 이용하는 생물산업은 21세기 경제성장을 주도할 핵심기간산업이며, 미래형 고부가가치산업이다. 현재 지구상에는 약 55만종의 식물이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 인간의 손길이 닿지 않은 천연 강우림 등의 미개척지가 상당수 존재하고 있어 더욱 많은 종들이 존재할 것으로 추정된다. 자원식물들 중에는 작물로의 개발이 가능하거나, 개발할 필요성이 높은 식물들이 많이 있다. 자원식물들은 예로부터 식용, 약용, 관상용, 유지용, 기호용, 밀원용, 섬유용, 향신료용, 향료용, 당료용, 호료용, 염색용, 수지용, 탄닌용 등으로 구분되어 이용되어 왔다. 자원식물은 종에 따라 꽃, 줄기, 잎, 뿌리 및 종자 등 부위별로 다양하게 산업적 소재로 활용되어 왔다. 최근에는 건강에 관한 관심이 급증하면서 다양한 건강 기능성 상품이 개발되고 있으며, 관련 시장이 급속하게 성장하고 있다. 특히 자원식물 등 천연물을 소재로 한 건강 기능성 상품은 안전성이 보장되며 우수한 생리활성이 있는 것으로 밝혀지면서, 자원식물을 소재로 한 건강 기능성 상품의 개발에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 다양한 자원식물을 대상으로 이들의 활용가치를 분석하여 상품화할 수 있는 방법의 개발이 절실히 필요하다. 또한 주 5일제 실시 및 여가활용에 관한 관심이 급증하면서 농촌 경관산업에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 농촌 경관산업은 국민의 여가선용 및 복지향상에 효과적일 뿐 아니라 지역주민과 관광객이 함께 즐길 수 있는 관광산업으로써 지역 이미지 강화를 통한 지역 홍보, 지역 내 일자리 창출 및 경관산업에 사용된 생물소재를 이용한 바이오산업의 활성화 등의 장점을 지니고 있다. 또한 농촌 경관산업은 자연과 농촌을 활용한 자연 친화형 관광단지를 조성하여 친환경, 고부가가치형 종합산업을 추구하는 추세이다. 그러므로 경관산업 및 이를 활용한 바이오산업의 소재로써 자원식물의 역할은 매우 클 것으로 생각된다. 특히 각 지역에 자생하는 고유의 자원식물을 활용하면 지역 특화 경관산업 및 바이오산업의 발전에 크게 이바지 할 수 있으며, 이로 인하여 지역 경제 활성화 및 친환경 건강 기능성 상품에 대한 수요를 충족시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 따라서 친환경 건강 기능성 소재 개발과 농촌 경관산업을 활용한 생물산업에 적용할 수 있는 산업적 가치가 우수한 자원식물의 다양한 기능을 분석하고, 각 자원식물별로 특성에 맞는 개발 방안을 구축하여 다양한 산업화의 소재로 활용하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.

패모(貝母)는 땅속의 뿌리줄기에 있는 2매의 비늘조각(인편(鱗片))이 마치 조개처럼 합쳐 있어 패모라 불리우며, 백합과로 숙근성 다년생 초본의 절패모(浙貝母; Fritillaria thungergii) 및 동속식물의 비늘줄기를 기원으로 하며, 중국의 강소 절강 안휘 등지에서 대량으로 재배되고 있다. 패모의 줄기는 15~40cm정도로 곧게 자라며, 꽃은 4~5월에 피며, 윗부분의 엽액에 1개씩 밑을 향하여 달린다. 종자는 결실률이 매우 낮아 이용을 할 수 없어 번식은 대부분 비늘줄기의 인편이나 자구를 이용한다. 약용부위는 인경(鱗莖)(비늘줄기)이 사용되는데, 인경(鱗莖)에는 알칼로이드물질인 verticine, fritillin, peimisine, peimine 등의 주요 성분을 함유하여 약리작용으로는 중추신경마비, 혈압강하 및 진해작용이 있다. 한방에서는 진해, 거담, 배농, 폐렴, 기관지염 등으로 이용하는 중요한 약초 중의 하나이나, 값싼 중국산 패모의 수입으로 우리나라에서는 재배가 붕괴되어 현재는 재배면적이 거의 없는 자원고갈 약초로 재배면적 확보가 시급한 실정에 있어 이를 되살리기 위한 노력이 절실한 실정이다. 따라서 패모 자구 증식을 위하여 온도와 $GA_3$, 상토의 조건에 따른 시험을 수행한 결과 패모 자구의 증식 효과는 저장온도 온도가 낮을수록 자구의 증식이 많아 $5^{\circ}C$에서 주당 5.5개로 구수의 증식효과가 높았으며, 상토는 모래와 밭흙에서 각각 3.1개, 2.5개로 많았으나, $GA_3$과 온탕처리에 있어서는 차이가 없었다.

We developed droplet-vitrification protocol, a combination of droplet-freezing and solution-based vitrification, and applied to germplasm collections of garlic, potato, lily as well as cell lines, including hairy roots, somatic embryos. To establish a garlic cryobank, four Korean garlic field collections at Danyang, Suwon, Mokpo and Namhae were cryopreserved last five years. The protocol applied consisted of preculture for 3-4 days at $10^{\circ}C$ on solid MS medium with 0.3M sucrose, loading for 40 min in liquid medium with 35% PVS3, dehydration with PVS3 for 150 min, cooling in $5{\mu}l$ droplets of PVS3 placed on aluminum foil strips by dipping these strips in liquid nitrogen, warming them by plunging the foil strips into pre-heated($40^{\circ}C$) 0.8M sucrose solution for 30s. A total of over 900 accessions of garlic were stored in liquid nitrogen for long-term conservation using unripe inflorescences, cloves or bulbils. Twelve alternative plant vitrification solutions were designed by modifying cryoprotectant concentrations from the original PVS2 and PVS3. The results suggest that PVS2-based vitrification solutions with increased glycerol and sucrose and/or decreased DMSO and EG concentrations can be applied for medium size explants which are tolerant to chemical toxicity and moderately sensitive to osmotic stress. PVS3 and variants can be used widely when samples are heterogeneous, of large size and/or very sensitive to chemical toxicity and tolerant to osmotic stress.

복주머니난(Cypripedium)속 식물은 우리나라에 광릉요강꽃을 비롯하여 털복주머니난, 흰털복주머니란, 복주머니란, 노랑복주머니란등 5종이 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 광릉요강꽃과 털복주머니란 두 종은 환경부에서 지정한 멸종위기 식물 1급과 2급에 지정되어 보호를 받고 있고 나머지 3종은 제도적으로도 보호를 받지 못하는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 충분히 성숙한 털복주머니난과 복주머니난의 종자에 NaOCl처리를 하여 발아율을 향상시킬수 있었는데 이러한 전처리가 발아에 미치는 원인에 대한 연구를 실시하였다. 털복주머니란의 무균적인 종자발아는 1.0% NaOCl 처리구에서 70% 이상의 종자발아율을 보였으며, POM배지가 MS배지보다 신초분화가 양호했다. GA3와 활성탄(Activated charcoal)의 혼합첨가는 신초증식에 효과적이었다. 신초분화 후 저온처리는 신초의 증식 율을 증가시켰다. 한편 NaOCl 농도(0, 1, 3, 5, 10%)와 NaOCl 처리시간(0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60분)에 따라서 복주머니란의 종자발아를 확인한 결과, NaOCl 1%를 30분간 처리하였을 때 가장 높은 발아율을 나타냈다. NaOCl을 처리하여 종자의 종피상태를 SEM과 TEM으로 관찰한 결과 NaOCl의 처리는 종피 세포벽의 부분적 해리 및 작은 구멍을 만들게 하였는데 이러한 종피의 물리화학적 변화가 물과 양분의 이동을 원활히 하여 종자의 발아를 촉진하는 것으로 사료된다. 복주머니난의 신초분화에 미치는 casein과 활성탄의 효과를 알아본 결과 casein 200 mg/L와 활성탄 200 mg/L를 혼합 첨가한 실험구에서 가장 높은 신초분화율을 보였다. 토양순화 후 생존률은 극히 저조했으며 30 개체중에 5 개체만이 다음해 어린동아를 싹틔우는 것을 확인 하였다. 본 결과들을 종합하여 보면 멸종위기식물, 특히 털복주머니란과 복주머니란의 조직배양을 통해서 서식지외 보존방안(기내증식)에 관해 가능성을 제시하였다고 생각되어 진다.

Plastid proteomics are essential organelles present in virtually all cells in plants and green algae. Plastids are responsible for the synthesis and storage of key molecules required for the basic architecture and functions of plant cells. The proteome of plastid, and in particular of chloroplast, have received significant amounts of attention in recent years. Various fractionation and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been applied to catalogue the chloroplast proteome and its sub-organelles compartments. To better understanding the function of the lumenal sub-organelles within the thylakoid network, we have carried out a systematical analysis and identification of the lumenal proteins in the thylakoid of wheat by using Tricine-SDS-PAGE, and LTQ-ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry followed by SWISS-PROT database searching. We isolation and fractionation these membrane from fully developed wheat leaves using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation couple to high speed ultra-centrifuge. After collecting all proteins to eliminate possible same proteins, we estimated that there are 407 different proteins including chloroplast, chloroplast stroma, lumenal, and thylakoid membrane proteins excluding 20 proteins, which were identified in nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria. A combination of these three programs (PSORT, TargetP, TMHMM, and TOPPRED) was found to provide a useful tool for evaluating chloroplast localization, transit peptide, transmembranes, and also could reveal possible alternative processing sites and dual targeting. Finally, we report also sub-cellular location specific protein interaction network using Cytoscape software, which provides further insight into the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis. The present work helps understanding photosynthesis process in wheat at the molecular level and provides a new overview of the biochemical machinery of the thylakoid in wheat.

Koran ginseng(Pnax ginseng) is one of the most important medicinal plants in Orient. Among the nine cultivars of Korea ginseng, Chunpoong commands a much greater market value and has been planted widely. A rapid and reliable method for discriminating the Chunpoong cultivar was developed by exploiting a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mitochondrial nad7 intron 4 region of nine Korea ginseng cultivars using universal primers. A SNP was detected between Chunpoong and other cultivars and modified allele-specific primers were designed from this SNP site to effective method for the geneic identification of the Chunpoong cultivar of ginseng.

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is reported to have many pharmaceutical activities. The minor ginsenosides(Rd, Rg3, Rh2 and compound K) display pharmaceutical properties superior to those of the major ginsenosides. These minor ginsenosides, which contribute a very small percentage, are produced by hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the major ginsenosides. The pH of red ginseng extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis decreased rapidly during 3 days of fermentation, with no further significant change thereafter. After 20 days of fermentation, a relatively small difference remained in the acidity of extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae (0.54%) and S. carlsbergensis (0.58%). Reducing sugar in the S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis extracts decreased from 25.86 to 4.54 mg/ml and 4.32 mg/ml glucose equivalents, respectively; and ethanol contents increased from 1.5% at day 0 to 16.0 and 15.0%, respectively, at 20 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rf, and Rg1 decreased during the fermentation with S. cerevisiae, but Rd and Rg3 increased by 12 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re and Rg1 decreased gradually in the extract with S. carlsbergensis, but Rd and Rg3 were increased at 6 days and 9 days.

Ethylene, known as a stress hormone regulate wide developmental processes including germination, root hair initiation, root and shoot primordial formation and elongation, leaf and flower senescence and abscission, fruit ripening. The acceleration of ethylene biosynthesis in plant associated with environmental and biological stresses. 1-Aminocycloprophane-1-carboxlyate deaminase(ACCD) is an enzyme that cleaves ACC into and ammonia, a precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) having ACCD can decrease endogenous ACC level of tissue, resulting in reduced production of ethylene in plants. ACC deaminse was a key enzyme for protect stressed plants from injurious effects of ethylene. ACCD gene was encoded from Pseudomonas flourescens, PGPR and was cloned in Escherichia coli. We expressed the recombinant ACCD(rACCD) containing 357 amino acids with molecular weight 39 kDa that revealed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The rACCD was purified by Ni-NTA purification system. The active form of rACCD having enzyme activity converted ACC to a-ketobutyrate. The optimal pH for ACC deaminase activity was pH 8.5, but no activity below pH 7.0 and a less severe tapering activity at base condition resulting in loss of activity at over pH 11. The optimal temperature of the enzyme was $30^{\circ}$ and a slightly less severe tapering activity at 15 - 30$^{\circ}$, but no activity over $35^{\circ}$. P. flourescens ACC deaminase has a highly conserved residue that plays in allowing substrate accessibility to the active sites. The enzymatic properties of this rACCD will provide an important reference for analysis of newly isolated ACCD and identification of newly isolated PGPR containing ACCD.

Glucosinolates(GSLs) are major secondary products($\beta$-thioglucoside N-hydroxysulfates) containing sulfates that are found mainly in Cruciferae family such as cabbage, broccoli, radish, turnip, kale, mustard and rapeseed as the important crops in agronomic and economic aspects. Especially, isothiocyanates(ITCs) have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis with regulation cancer cell development followed by regulating target enzymes, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis against various human cancer cell lines. Total desulfo(DS)-GSLs of nine type in 210 Korean leaf mustard accessions were isolated and confirmed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometric(ESI-MS/MS) method and DS-GSLs powerful library maked from several reference data. The isolated individual DS-GSLs were identified by removed $\beta$-D-glucopyranose residue ($C_6H_{11}O_5$, MW 163) from MS/MS data. Among them sinigrin(41.7%), glucoiberverin(21.7%) and gluconasturtiin(12.6%) were major components, Especially, despite gluconapin was minor component, accession K046197-1 and K046197-2 showed higher content of 4.11 and 3.31 mg/g(DW), respectively. The total GSLs contents in 210 accessions were ranged from 5.3 to 23.2 mg/g(DW) with a mean value of 13.0 mg/g(DW). As a result of principal component analysis(PCA), the individual GSLs loading plots were composed of three groups and components belonged to each group showed correlationship in quantitative pattern.