Computer simulation results on the radiation pattern of an ultrasonic beam by the plurall arrangement of the transducers were reported by Sin (1979). This paper describes on the measurement of radiation pattern in case of one vibrox transducer and two vibrox transducers by varying the interval between the transducers. The measured results obtained are as follows; 1. Radiation wave of ultrasonic transducer is propagated to diffuse with spherical wave from center of transducer. 2. In case of one vibrox transducer, the greater the length of transducer, the sharper becomes the radiation pattern. 3. In case of two vibrox transducers, the maine lobe is revealed at the center of two transducers, it is shown difficult to make control freely of radiation pattern by varying merely the interval of transducers.

Nowadays researchers attach a great importance to the problems concerned with scientific information in the field of science and engineering. There are some reasons for it, that is, ⅰ) the amount of scientific information increases in proportion to the activities of scientists and engineers, so it is difficult to pick up a real valuable information ⅱ) it becomes more important to use a variety of information in proportion to the spread ofthe branch of science ⅲ) since the medium of scientific information is mostly technical papers, it is very difficult to mechanically transact these papers and to keep all documents and scientific informations for a long time. To cope with these difficult situations, many technical skills have been developed, for example, data-base, automatic information retrieval, micro-film and so on. But there are comparatively few investigation on the matter how the researchers who are users and producers think about the systematization of scientific information usage, so this paper investigates the thought and information needs of researchers, and proposes a basis of a method for systematization of scientific information usage. The author inspects the actual conditions of scientific information, reconsider the method which has been used and investigates the matter of how researchers whose interest is closely related to the study of marine affairs think about problems of scientific information usage by thequestionarie of Fuzzy-DEMATEL method. Also, FSM which is method for structuring hierarchy for the several complex problems on the basis of fuzzy sets theory is adopted as a tool of analysis. We can understand the key problems and make a story to solve the systematization of scientific information usage from the results of the analysis and those results will be directly applicable to construct a new system for scientific information usage.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanics of price formation in the tramp shipping. For the purpose of this study, the main characteristics of tramp freight rates and the market is examined, and a brief examination of the nature ofthe costs of operation is given which are essential for the understanding of the functioning of shipping firms as well as for the understanding of developments in the tramp freight market. The demand and supply relationships in the market is also analysed in detail. Tramp shipping is an industry that has a market which functions under conditions that are not dissimilar to the theoretical model of perfect competition. However, it does notmean that tramp shipping market is a perfectly competitive market. It is apparent that this realworld competitive system has its imperfections, which means that the market for tramp shipping is near to being a perfectly competitive market on an internaitonal scale and it is freight are therefore subjext to the laws of supply and demand. In theory, the minimum freight rate in the short term is that at which the lowest cost vessels will lay-up in preference to operating, and is equal to the variable costs minus lay-up costs; and this would imply that in all times except those of full employment for ships there is a tendency for newer low-cost, and, probably, faster vessels to be driving the older high-cost vessels in the breaker's yards. In this case, shipowners may be reluctant to lay-up their ships becasue of obligations to crews, or because they would lose credibility with shippers or financiers, or simply because of lost prestige. Mainly, however, the decision is made on strictly economic grounds. When, for example, the total operating costs minus the likely freight earnings are greater than the cost of taking the ship out of service, maintaining it, and recommissioning it, then a ship may be considered for laying-up; shipowners will, in other words, run the ships at freight earnings below operating costs by as much as the cost of laying them up. As described above, the freight rates fixed on the tramp shipping market are subject to the laws of supply and demand. In other words, the basic properties of supply and demand are of significance so far as price or rate fluctuations in the tramp freight market are concerned. In connection with the same of the demand for tramp shipping services, the following points should be brone in mind: (a) That the magnitude of demand for sea transport of dry cargoes in general and for tramp shipping services in particular is increasing in the long run. (b) That owning to external factors, the demand for tramp shipping services is capable of varying sharphy at a given going of time. (c) The demad for the industry's services tends to be price inelastic in the short run. On the other hand the demand for the services offered by the individual shipping firm tends as a rule to be infinitely price elastic. In the meantime, the properties of the supply of the tramp shipping facilities are that it cannot expand or contract in the short run. Also, that in the long run there is a time-lag between entrepreneurs' decision to expand their fleets and the actual time of delivery of the new vessels. Thus, supply is inelastic and not capable of responding to demand and price changes at a given period of time. In conclusion, it can be safely stated that short-run changes in freight rates are a direct result of variations in the magnitude of demand for tramp shipping facilities, whilest the average level of freight rates is brought down to relatively low levels over prolonged periods of time.