Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
- Quarterly
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- 2287-3651(pISSN)
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- 2287-366X(eISSN)
Domain
- Health Sciences > Clinical Medicine
- Health Sciences > Development of Pharmaceutical
Aim & Scope
Clin Exp Vaccine Res, the official English journal of the Korean Vaccine Society, is an international, peer reviewed, and open-access journal. It covers all areas related to vaccines and vaccination. Clin Exp Vaccine Res publishes editorials, review articles, special articles, original articles, case reports, brief communications, and correspondences covering a wide range of clinical and experimental subjects including vaccines and vaccination for human and animals against infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumor. The scope of the journal is to disseminate information that may contribute to elaborate vaccine development and vaccination strategies targeting infectious diseases and tumors in human and animals. Relevant topics range from experimental approaches to (pre)clinical trials for the vaccine research based on, but not limited to, basic laboratory, translational, and (pre)clinical investigations, epidemiology of infectious diseases and progression of all aspects in the health related issues. It is published printed and open accessed online issues (https://ecevr.org) two times per year in 31 January and 31 July. Clin Exp Vaccine Res is linked to many international databases and is made freely available to institutions and individuals worldwide.
KCI SCOPUSVolume 12 Issue 1
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Mostafa Ghanei;Ali Mohabattalab;Kiarash Fartash;Narjes Kolahchi;Alireza Khakdaman;Hooman Kaghazian;Abolfazl Bagheri 1
Widespread public vaccination is one of the effective mechanisms to ensure the health and prevent deaths in societies. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is a stark instance in this regard. Vaccine development is a complex process requiring firm-level capabilities, various infrastructures, long-term planning, and stable and efficient policies. Due to the global demand for vaccines during the pandemic, the national capability to produce vaccines is critical. To this end, the current paper investigates influential factors, at the firm- and policylevel, in the COVID-19 vaccine development process in Iran. By adopting a qualitative research method and conducting 17 semi-structured interviews and analyzing policy documents, news, and reports, we extracted internal and external factors affecting the success and failure of a vaccine development project. We also discuss the characteristics of the vaccine ecosystem and the gradual maturity of policies. This paper draws lessons for vaccine development in developing countries at both firm and policy levels. -
Maria Riastuti Iryaningrum;Alius Cahyadi;Fachreza Aryo Damara;Ria Bandiara;Maruhum Bonar Hasiholan Marbun 13
This systematic and meta-analysis aims to evaluate humoral and cellular responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). We conducted a systematic literature search across databases to evaluate seroconversion and cellular response rates in KTRs receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We extracted studies that assessed seroconversion rates described as the presence of antibody de novo positivity in KTRs following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination published up to January 23rd, 2022. We also performed meta-regression based on immunosuppression therapy used. A total of 44 studies involving 5,892 KTRs were included in this meta-analysis. The overall seroconversion rate following complete dose of vaccines was 39.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.3%-45.3%) and cellular response rate was 41.6% (95% CI, 30.0%-53.6%). Meta-regression revealed that low antibody response rate was significantly associated with the high prevalence of mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid (p=0.04), belatacept (p=0.02), and antiCD25 induction therapy uses (p=0.04). Conversely, tacrolimus use was associated with higher antibody response (p=0.01). This meta-analysis suggests that postvaccination seroconversion and cellular response rates in KTRs are still low. And seroconversion rate was correlated with the type of immunosuppressive agent and induction therapy used. Additional doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for this population using a different type of vaccine are considered. -
Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani;Masood Zahmatkesh;Reza Goldozian;Javad Farkhonde;Ehsan Jaripour;Asghar Hatami;Hamid Reza Bidkhori;Seyyed Khosro Shamsian;Seyyed AliAkbar Shamsian;Faezeh Mojahedi 25
Purpose: Since late 2019, the novel coronavirus disease has been a global concern, and alongside preventive strategies, including social distancing and personal hygiene, vaccination is now the primary hope for controlling the pandemic. Sputnik V is an adenovirus vector vaccine used against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Iranian health care providers, and there is a lack of information regarding the Adverse Events Following Immunisation (AEFI) by Sputnik V among the Iranian population. The present study aimed to evaluate AEFI by Sputnik V vaccine among Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Every member of the Islamic Republic of Iran Medical Council received their first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine in Mashhad (Iran) and was referred to receive their second dose enrolled in the present study and asked to fill an English language checklist asking about development of any AEFI following immunization with the first dose of Sputnik V vaccine. Results: A total number of 1,347 with a mean±standard deviation age of 56.2±9.6 years filled the checklist. Most of the participants were male (838 [62.2%]). The present study demonstrated that immunization with the first dose of Sputnik V results in at least one AEFI in 32.8% of the Iranian medical council members. Most of the AEFI was related to musculoskeletal symptoms, including myalgia. By considering the age of 55 years as a cut-off point, individuals younger than 55 had a higher rate of AEFI (41.3% vs. 22.5%, p=0.0001). Male gender, use of analgesics, beta-blockers, and previous COVID-19 infection have a lower chance of developing AEFI (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that most of the AEFI was related to musculoskeletal symptoms, including myalgia, and older individuals, male gender and those receiving analgesics and beta-blockers were less likely to develop AEFI following immunization with the first dose of Sputnik V. -
Rehab Essam El-Din El-Hennamy;Sahar Mohamed Mahmoud;Nabil Ahmed El-Yamany;Hanaa Hassan Hassanein;Mohamed Elsayed Amer;Aly Fahmy Mohamed 32
Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the immune-enhancing potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to Alum against rabies vaccine and the related immunological, physiological, and histopathological effects. Materials and Methods: Alum and AuNPs sole and in combination with rabies vaccine were used at 0.35 mg/mL and 40 nM/mL, respectively. Rats used were categorized into six groups (20/each): control rats, rabies vaccine, aluminum phosphate gel, rabies vaccine adsorbed to Alum, AuNPs, and rabies vaccine adjuvant AuNPs. Results: Liver and kidney functions were in the normal range after AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine compared to control. Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ levels were significantly increased in groups immunized with Alum and AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine, the peak level was in the case of AuNP adjuvanted vaccine on the 14th day. Ninety days post-vaccination, total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against adjuvanted rabies vaccine showed a significantly elevated antirabies IgG with AuNPs and Alum adsorbed vaccine compared with unadjuvanted one. The total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased post-adjuvanted AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine vaccination than in Alum adsorbed vaccine, while MDA was significantly decreased. The histopathological examination revealed detectable alterations post-AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine immunization compared with liver and kidney profiles post-administration of unadjuvanted and non-immunized groups, meanwhile, splenic tissue revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles indicating increased immune reactivity. Conclusion: The AuNPs are promising enhancers of the immune response as Alum, and the undesirable effects of AuNPs could be managed by using suitable sizes, shapes, and concentrations. -
Rola Nadeem;Amany Sayed Maghraby;Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy;Ahmed Barakat Barakat;Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat 47
Purpose: The development and study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine candidates' individualized responses are of great importance. Here we report on an HCV DNA vaccine candidate based on selected envelope (E1/E2) epitopes. Besides, we assessed its expression and processing in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vivo cellular response in mice. Materials and Methods: HCV E1/E2 DNA construct (EC) was designed. The antigen expression of EC was assayed in PBMCs of five HCV-uninfected donors via a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serum samples from 20 HCV antibody-positive patients were used to detect each individual PBMCs expressed antigens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two groups, five Swiss albino mice each, were immunized with the EC or a control construct. The absolute count of lymph nodes' CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes was assessed. Results: Donors' PBMCs showed different levels of EC expression, ranging between 0.83-2.61-fold in four donors, while donor-3 showed 34.53-fold expression. The antigens expressed in PBMCs were significantly reactive to the 20 HCV antibody repertoire (all p=0.0001). All showed comparable reactivity except for donor-3 showing the lowest reactivity level. The absolute count % of the CD4+ T-cell significantly increased in four of the five EC-immunized mice compared to the control group (p=0.03). No significant difference in CD8+ T-cells % was observed (p=0.89). Conclusion: The inter-individual variation in antigen expression and processing dominance was evident, showing independence in individuals' antigen expression and reactivity levels to antibodies. The described vaccine candidate might result in a promising natural immune response with a possibility of CD4+ T-cell early priming. -
Hanna Klingel;Alexander Kruttgen;Matthias Imohl;Michael Kleines 60
Purpose: Although the fast development of safe and effective messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been a success, waning humoral immunity has led to the recommendation of booster immunization. However, knowledge of the humoral immune response to different booster strategies and the association with adverse reactions is limited. Materials and Methods: We investigated adverse reactions and anti-spike protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations among health care workers who received primary immunization with mRNA-1273 and booster immunization with mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2. Results: Adverse reactions were reported by 85.1% after the first dose, 94.7% after the second dose, 87.5% after a third dose of BNT162b2, and 86.0% after a third dose of mRNA-1273. They lasted for a median of 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, and 1.8 days, respectively; 6.4%, 43.6%, and 21.0% of the participants were unable to work after the first, second, and third vaccination, respectively, which should be considered when scheduling vaccinations among essential workers. Booster immunization induced a 13.75-fold (interquartile range, 9.30-24.47) increase of anti-spike protein IgG concentrations with significantly higher concentrations after homologous compared to heterologous vaccination. We found an association between fever, chills, and arthralgia after the second vaccination and anti-spike protein IgG concentrations indicating a linkage between adverse reactions, inflammation, and humoral immune response. Conclusion: Further investigations should focus on the possible advantages of homologous and heterologous booster vaccinations and their capability of stimulating memory B-cells. Additionally, understanding inflammatory processes induced by mRNA vaccines might help to improve reactogenicity while maintaining immunogenicity and efficacy. -
Rehab Bahy;Asmaa Gaber;Hamdallah Zedan;Mona Mabrook 70
Purpose: Typhoid remains a major health problem, especially in the developing world. Furthermore, the emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi added a sense of urgency to develop more effective typhoid vaccines, one of which is bacterial ghosts (BGs), prepared by both genetic and chemical means. The chemical method includes incubation with numerous agents for a short time at their minimum inhibitory or minimum growth concentrations. This study included the preparation of BGs by a sponge-like reduced protocol (SLRP). Materials and Methods: Critical concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate, NaOH, and H2O2 were used. Moreover, high-quality BGs were visualized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Subculturing was used to confirm the absence of vital cells. Besides, the concentrations of the released DNA and protein were estimated spectrophotometrically. In addition, the integrity of cells was proved by visualizing Gram-stained cells using a light microscope. Furthermore, a comparison between the immunogenicity and safety of the prepared vaccine and the available whole-cell killed vaccine was established. Results: Improved preparation of high-quality BGs of S. typhi, visualized by SEM, revealed punctured cells with intact outer shells. Moreover, the absence of vital cells was confirmed by subculturing. At the same time, the release of respective amounts of proteins and DNA is another evidence of BGs' production. Additionally, the challenge test provided evidence that the prepared BGs are immunogenic and have the same efficacy as the whole cell vaccine. Conclusion: The SLRP provided a simple, economical, and feasible method for BGs preparation. -
The Philippines is still in a tight battle with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic since many cases are detected daily. With the continuous spread of another disease worldwide-monkeypox, many Filipinos are alarmed if the country's healthcare system is prepared enough, especially with the detection of its first case. Learning from the unfortunate experiences of the country during the current pandemic is essential in facing another health crisis. With this, recommendations for a robust healthcare system are proposed centered on: a massive digital information campaign about the disease; training healthcare workers to raise awareness about the virus and its transmission, management, and treatment; an intensified surveillance and detection procedure to monitor cases and execute contact tracing properly; and a persistent procurement of vaccines and drugs for treatment, with a well-designed vaccination program.
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Martina Burlando;Astrid Herzum;Emanuele Cozzani;Aurora Parodi 80
This study aimed to evaluate if patients under biologics have a lower risk of psoriasis flares after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination than other psoriatic patients. Of 322 recently vaccinated patients admitted for psoriasis at the Dermatological Psoriasis Unit during January and February 2022, 316 (98%) had no psoriasis flares after COVID-19 vaccination (79% under biologic treatment, 21% not biologically treated) and 6 (2%) presented psoriasis flares after COVID-19 vaccination (33.3% under biologic treatment, 66.6% not biologically treated). Overall, psoriasis patients under biologic treatment, developed fewer psoriasis flares after COVID-19 vaccination (33.3%), than patients not under biologic treatment (66.6%) (p=0.0207; Fisher's exact test). -
There were growing reports of herpes zoster reactivation after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, including a more severe form, herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). A 35-year-old male presented HZO in his left V1 dermatome 10 days after his COVID-19 vaccine booster with Moderna (messenger RNA-1273). He had no history of chronic disease, immunocompromised, autoimmune, malignancy, or long-term immunosuppressive drug use. The rash improved without any further complications after being treated with oral valacyclovir for 7 days. This was a unique case of HZO after the COVID-19 vaccine in a booster setting in healthy younger adults. The association of herpes zoster after a COVID vaccine remained inconclusive and potentially coincidental, especially without the known risk factor. However, we would like to add a report to increase awareness among physicians and the general population, for early recognition and treatment with an antiviral.