In order to overcome a certain disease, it is necessary to confirm the prevalence, natural course and risk factors of the disease. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease has become the mainstream and has been paying a great deal of attention to the epidemiologic research of allergic diseases in Korean children since 1995. In this review, we would like to summarize the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood epidemiology study in Korea, the cohort study for allergic diseases, and the national medical big data. New epidemiological studies are needed to clarify the relationships between allergic diseases and factors such as air pollution, climate changes, microbiome, and diet, which are likely to be new risk factors for allergic diseases. Based on these epidemiological studies, we hope to find ways to overcome pediatric allergic diseases in Korea and also to share epidemiologic techniques and manpower.

Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and might cause death when not treated promptly. Recently, the prevalence of anaphylaxis has been increasing worldwide, especially in children, and food-induced anaphylaxis is rapidly increasing. With the establishment of the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease in 1987, awareness of anaphylaxis has been heightened in Korea as well. Initially, it was considered a clinical form of food or drug hypersensitivity, but not a single disease entity. After the second symposium on anaphylaxis in 2006 and the World Allergy Organization guideline on anaphylaxis in 2011, research more focused on anaphylaxis is ongoing. The study of anaphylaxis in Korean children was initially restricted to case reports due to novel triggers. Thereafter, research on the age-specific prevalence of anaphylaxis was conducted using the national big data and more recently, a large-scale hospital-based multicenter study was conducted. Also, reliable data on food-induced anaphylaxis have been attained through a large-scale multicenter case study and a population-based epidemiological study on food allergy and currently, a prospective multicenter anaphylaxis registry has been launched funded by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These series of studies have contributed to the international competitiveness in pediatric anaphylaxis research. However, there are still unmet needs such as diagnosis, severity, treatment or intervention of anaphylaxis, education for the prevention of recurrence, and establishment of policies for social safety. Further studies addressing these issues will contribute to improvement of quality of life and overcoming of the disease.

Weather may alter the concentrations of pollens which can subsequently influence the occurrence of allergic diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that greenhouse gases increase pollen concentration. Daily fluctuations in the pollen concentration have to do with a variety of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and sunshine amount; therefore, it is complicated. At least more than 10 weather elements that affect the concentration of pollen. Earlier pollination and rising pollen concentrations have been reported in many countries. Most studies have focused on analysis of their relationships with local meteorological and climatic factors. Observed pollen data at locations representing a wide range of geographic and climatic conditions should be analyzed statistically to identify pollination date, pollen season length, and annual mean and peak values of daily concentrations of pollen. The seasonal and regional variations of pollen have also been changed in South Korea with climate change. There were evaluated sensitization rate to pollen in South Korea since 1997. Sensitization rates for weed and tree pollens are increased in Korean children, especially with increasing pollen concentration of ragweed and Japanese hop. It has been demonstrated that urbanization correlate with the increasing pollen allergies. However, the effects of environmental change on allergic diseases have not yet been completely understood. Recently there have been many epidemiological studies on the relationship between allergic diseases and climate changes. Previous studies suggest that climate changes interact with and affect pollen allergy, which in turn increases the frequency and severity of allergic disease.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic inflammatory skin disorder that occurs primarily in children, with a prevalence of 10% to 20% of children worldwide. Genetic factors, environmental factors, immune dysfunction and skin barrier dysfunction play a role in its development. Because there are no definitive laboratory tests, the diagnosis of AD is made based on a combination of clinical symptoms. Since 'The Study Group for Atopic Dermatitis' in Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Diseases was established in 2003, references regarding research and clinical trials for AD have been increasing. However, those studies were mostly limited to pathogenesis, etiology and clinical symptoms. Education of patients and family members regarding the pathogenesis, treatment goal, prognosis of the disease plays an extremely important role in managing and improving the quality of life of AD. For the personalized, optimizing and communicating management plans, more studies focused on the phenotype of AD and new therapeutic strategies are required.

Food allergy is an immune-mediated adverse reaction that occurs mainly by consumption of food. Some of the children with food allergies have mild symptoms like urticaria and pruritus, while others manifest fatal symptoms like anaphylaxis. Many cases develop in infants and children, and disappear spontaneously over time. The prevalence of food allergy is known to be up to 6% of children and 3%-4% of adults. Growing concern is that prevalence of food allergy seems to be increasing. The prevalence, common allergens and natural course of food allergy vary according to the race, age, eating habits, and unknown factors. In Korea, many researchers have reported regional data on food allergy for comparison with those of foreign countries. Awareness is increasing and food labelling is being established to help people avoid allergenic foods. In the future, monitoring of prevalence and common food allergens at regular intervals is needed to make appropriate policies for children with food allergy. There are still lack of data on pathogenesis, natural course and clinical trials of immunotherapy in Korean children. In addition, it is necessary to form a consensus on primary prevention of food allergy by early exposure to allergenic foods. Further regional studies should be performed to expand our understanding of food allergy and to lead to proper management for Korean children with food allergy.

This review mainly focuses on the academy and research group published on childhood asthma and aims to investigate the impact of Korean study results in this field. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires have shown that the prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing worldwide. The ISAAC, which Korea joined in 1995, has enabled us to compare prevalence between countries. Korea has participated in three ISAAC surveys: 3 nationwide surveys in 1995, 2000, and 2010. The 12-month prevalence of asthma symptoms from the questionnaires was 4.9%-10.1% for children aged 6-7 years. In Korea, ISAAC surveys demonstrated that risk factors for asthma are obesity, secondhand smoking, diet patterns, raising pets, fever in infancy, and the use of antibiotics. However, because these were large-scale but cross-sectional studies, prospective cohort studies on growth patterns from prenatal through postnatal periods are needed to elucidate accurate risk factors. In 2016, 2 research groups were united to Korea childhood Asthma RESearch (KARES). Several studies were published from KARES. We reported prevalence of each asthma severity category and the controller prescription patterns according to asthma severity assessed by a Western (Global Initiative for Asthma) and an Asia-Pacific (Japanese Pediatric GuideLine) guideline were evaluated. And we translate the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids instrument into Korean, with subsequent linguistic validation. The role of the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease will be important for the prevent the child and adolescent asthma through the various Korean child data made.

Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic rhinitis in children and is the most common allergic disease in childhood and adolescence in Korea and most countries around the world. In this review article, we have summarized some of the research articles on allergic rhinitis that have been published in the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease (KAPARD) Journals so far in order to celebrate and look back on the 30th anniversary of the KAPARD. Over the past 30 years, the members of the KAPARD have published many research papers on the epidemiology, causes, risk factors, and comorbid conditions of allergic rhinitis based on 'one airway diseases' and treatment and we hope that these studies will be helpful not only in confirming the research capacity of KAPARD but also in setting up research subjects and research topics related to allergic rhinitis in the future.

Thirty years have passed since the Korean Association of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease was founded. There have been great changes in the pattern of respiratory diseases in Korean children during the last 30 years with economic development in the country. Pneumonia remains the leading cause of childhood morbidity, despite advances in the prevention and management. The incidence and mortality of pneumonia caused by typical bacterial pathogens have been reduced. However, the predominance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae or virus-associated diseases is emerging, which suggests that novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are needed. Viral bronchiolitis is one of the most substantial health burdens for infants and young children worldwide. Although respiratory syncytial virus is the most common pathogen, molecular diagnostic techniques have identified many other viruses including human rhinovirus causing bronchiolitis. Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by chronic infection, airway inflammation, and progressive lung function decline. Research into the interactions between early life respiratory infections and development of bronchiectasis is imperative to halt the disease in its origin and improve adult outcomes. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life-threatening lung disease with diffuse inflammatory lung injury leading to pulmonary edema and hypoxia. Although many modalities to treat ARDS have been studied, supportive therapies and lung protective ventilator support remains the mainstay. This review focuses on the current trends in research on these childhood respiratory diseases through literature review and aims to investigate the impact of Korean study results in this field.

Since Cookson et al. first reported the association of atopy with chromosome 11q13 in 1989, there have been numerous studies of genetics for allergic diseases. Their aim is to identify genetic factors modifying susceptibility to allergic diseases, determining the severity of disease in affected individuals and affecting the response to treatment. With these efforts, allergic diseases can be termed complex genetic disorders, defined as disorders that have numerous contributing genes, each having variable degrees of involvement in any given individual. This review aims to provide information on the current state of genetic research in Korean pediatric allergic diseases.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate which Korean newspaper articles were reported on allergic diseases before the establishment of the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology (KAAACI). Methods: This study was performed in 3 newspapers, Chosun Ilbo, DongA Ilbo, and JoongAng Ilbo, which were founded and used the databases established before the establishment of KAAACI in 1972. The databases were searched using 42 keywords associated with allergic diseases (allergy, asthma, rhinitis, etc.). Results: Among the 42 keywords, there were only 7 that were able to search: allergy, urticaria, asthma, dermatitis, rhinitis, pollen and eczema. The total number of articles related to allergic diseases were 62, as follows: allergy (n= 21), urticaria (n= 15), asthma (n= 8), dermatitis (n= 8), rhinitis (n= 5), pollen (n= 3), and eczema (n= 2). There were 31 articles in Chosun Ilbo, 9 in DongA Ilbo, and 22 in JoongAng Ilbo. The first allergic disease published in the newspapers was asthma on the article entitled "Treat the cause of asthma" (on page 8 of November 10, 1960 DongA Ilbo). The first article that used the term allergy appeared in a column entitled, "Childhood illness and allergy" (on page 4 of May 30, 1960 DongA Ilbo). Conclusion: Since 1920, articles related to allergic diseases published in the Korean newspapers increased every year. These articles may have appeared due to the increase in the prevalence of allergic disease and the pioneering efforts of senior allergy researchers.