Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a 2-Year Research Grant of Pusan National University.
References
- Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, et al. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 2007;449:1003-1007
- Janebodin K, Buranaphatthana W, Ieronimakis N, Hays AL, Reyes M. An in vitro culture system for long-term expansion of epithelial and mesenchymal salivary gland cells: role of TGF-β1 in salivary gland epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:815895
- Gehart H, Clevers H. Tales from the crypt: new insights into intestinal stem cells. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:19-34
- Sato T, van Es JH, Snippert HJ, et al. Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts. Nature 2011;469:415-418
- de Lau W, Barker N, Low TY, et al. Lgr5 homologues associate with Wnt receptors and mediate R-spondin signalling. Nature 2011;476:293-297
- Meran L, Baulies A, Li VSW. Intestinal stem cell niche: the extracellular matrix and cellular components. Stem Cells Int 2017;2017:7970385
- Shaker A, Rubin DC. Intestinal stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the crypt and stem cell niche. Transl Res 2010;156:180-187
- Wang D, Odle J, Liu Y. Metabolic regulation of intestinal stem cell homeostasis. Trends Cell Biol 2021;31:325-327
- Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, et al. Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature 2009;459:262-265
- Yan KS, Chia LA, Li X, et al. The intestinal stem cell markers Bmi1 and Lgr5 identify two functionally distinct populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109:466-471
- Tao S, Tang D, Morita Y, et al. Wnt activity and basal niche position sensitize intestinal stem and progenitor cells to DNA damage. EMBO J 2017;36:2920-2921 Erratum for: EMBO J 2015;34:624-640
- Gregorieff A, Liu Y, Inanlou MR, Khomchuk Y, Wrana JL. Yap-dependent reprogramming of Lgr5(+) stem cells drives intestinal regeneration and cancer. Nature 2015;526:715-718
- Tian H, Biehs B, Warming S, et al. A reserve stem cell population in small intestine renders Lgr5-positive cells dispensable. Nature 2011;478:255-259
- Ahn JS, Kang MJ, Seo Y, Kim HS. Intestinal organoids as advanced modeling platforms to study the role of host-microbiome interaction in homeostasis and disease. BMB Rep 2023;56:15-23
- Choi WH, Bae DH, Yoo J. Current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine. BMB Rep 2023;56:10-14
- Snippert HJ, van der Flier LG, Sato T, et al. Intestinal crypt homeostasis results from neutral competition between symmetrically dividing Lgr5 stem cells. Cell 2010;143:134-144
- Winton DJ, Blount MA, Ponder BA. A clonal marker induced by mutation in mouse intestinal epithelium. Nature 1988;333:463-466
- Potten CS, Gandara R, Mahida YR, Loeffler M, Wright NA. The stem cells of small intestinal crypts: where are they? Cell Prolif 2009;42:731-750
- Richmond CA, Shah MS, Carlone DL, Breault DT. An enduring role for quiescent stem cells. Dev Dyn 2016;245:718-726
- Sangiorgi E, Capecchi MR. Bmi1 is expressed in vivo in intestinal stem cells. Nat Genet 2008;40:915-920
- Barriga FM, Montagni E, Mana M, et al. Mex3a marks a slowly dividing subpopulation of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017;20:801-816.e7
- Roche KC, Gracz AD, Liu XF, Newton V, Akiyama H, Magness ST. SOX9 maintains reserve stem cells and preserves radioresistance in mouse small intestine. Gastroenterology 2015;149:1553-1563.e10
- Powell AE, Wang Y, Li Y, et al. The pan-ErbB negative regulator Lrig1 is an intestinal stem cell marker that functions as a tumor suppressor. Cell 2012;149:146-158
- Takeda N, Jain R, LeBoeuf MR, Wang Q, Lu MM, Epstein JA. Interconversion between intestinal stem cell populations in distinct niches. Science 2011;334:1420-1424
- Montgomery RK, Carlone DL, Richmond CA, et al. Mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert) expression marks slowly cycling intestinal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:179-184
- Munoz J, Stange DE, Schepers AG, et al. The Lgr5 intestinal stem cell signature: robust expression of proposed quiescent '+4' cell markers. EMBO J 2012;31:3079-3091
- Itzkovitz S, Lyubimova A, Blat IC, et al. Single-molecule transcript counting of stem-cell markers in the mouse intestine. Nat Cell Biol 2011;14:106-114
- Lopez-Arribillaga E, Rodilla V, Pellegrinet L, et al. Bmi1 regulates murine intestinal stem cell proliferation and self-renewal downstream of Notch. Development 2015;142:41-50
- Van Landeghem L, Santoro MA, Krebs AE, et al. Activation of two distinct Sox9-EGFP-expressing intestinal stem cell populations during crypt regeneration after irradiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;302:G1111-G1132
- Roth S, Franken P, Sacchetti A, et al. Paneth cells in intestinal homeostasis and tissue injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e38965
- Li N, Yousefi M, Nakauka-Ddamba A, et al. Single-cell analysis of proxy reporter allele-marked epithelial cells establishes intestinal stem cell hierarchy. Stem Cell Reports 2014;3:876-891
- Yan KS, Gevaert O, Zheng GXY, et al. Intestinal enteroendocrine lineage cells possess homeostatic and injury-inducible stem cell activity. Cell Stem Cell 2017;21:78-90.e6
- Buczacki SJ, Zecchini HI, Nicholson AM, et al Intestinal label-retaining cells are secretory precursors expressing Lgr5. Nature 2013;495:65-69
- Li N, Nakauka-Ddamba A, Tobias J, Jensen ST, Lengner CJ. Mouse label-retaining cells are molecularly and functionally distinct from reserve intestinal stem cells. Gastroenterology 2016;151:298-310.e7
- Jadhav U, Saxena M, O'Neill NK, et al. Dynamic reorganization of chromatin accessibility signatures during dedifferentiation of secretory precursors into Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017;21:65-77.e5
- Engelstoft MS, Egerod KL, Lund ML, Schwartz TW. Enteroendocrine cell types revisited. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013;13:912-921
- Sei Y, Feng J, Samsel L, et al. Mature enteroendocrine cells contribute to basal and pathological stem cell dynamics in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018;315:G495-G510
- Higa T, Okita Y, Matsumoto A, et al. Spatiotemporal reprogramming of differentiated cells underlies regeneration and neoplasia in the intestinal epithelium. Nat Commun 2022;13:1500
- Katano T, Bialkowska AB, Yang VW. KLF4 regulates goblet cell differentiation in BMI1+ reserve intestinal stem cell lineage during homeostasis. Int J Stem Cells 2020;13:424-431
- Metcalfe C, Kljavin NM, Ybarra R, de Sauvage FJ. Lgr5+ stem cells are indispensable for radiation-induced intestinal regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2014;14:149-159
- Chaves-Perez A, Yilmaz M, Perna C, de la Rosa S, Djouder N. URI is required to maintain intestinal architecture during ionizing radiation. Science 2019;364:eaaq1165
- Mita P, Savas JN, Briggs EM, et al. URI regulates KAP1 phosphorylation and transcriptional repression via PP2A phosphatase in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2016;291:25516-25528
- Chen F, Zhang Y, Hu S, et al. TIGAR/AP-1 axis accelerates the division of Lgr5- reserve intestinal stem cells to reestablish intestinal architecture after lethal radiation. Cell Death Dis 2020;11:501
- Lee P, Hock AK, Vousden KH, Cheung EC. p53- and p73-independent activation of TIGAR expression in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2015;6:e1842
- Ishikawa K, Sugimoto S, Oda M, et al. Identification of quiescent LGR5+ stem cells in the human colon. Gastroenterology 2022;163:1391-1406.e24
- Sugimoto S, Ohta Y, Fujii M, et al. Reconstruction of the human colon epithelium in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2018;22:171-176.e5
- Seo Y, Park SY, Kim HS, Nam JS. The Hippo-YAP signaling as guardian in the pool of intestinal stem cells. Biomedicines 2020;8:560
- Yui S, Azzolin L, Maimets M, et al. YAP/TAZ-dependent reprogramming of colonic epithelium links ECM remodeling to tissue regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2018;22:35-49.e7
- Kim HB, Kim M, Park YS, et al. Prostaglandin E2 activates YAP and a positive-signaling loop to promote colon regeneration after colitis but also carcinogenesis in mice. Gastroenterology 2017;152:616-630
- Cai J, Zhang N, Zheng Y, de Wilde RF, Maitra A, Pan D. The Hippo signaling pathway restricts the oncogenic potential of an intestinal regeneration program. Genes Dev 2010;24:2383-2388
- Ayyaz A, Kumar S, Sangiorgi B, et al. Single-cell transcriptomes of the regenerating intestine reveal a revival stem cell. Nature 2019;569:121-125
- Serra D, Mayr U, Boni A, et al. Self-organization and symmetry breaking in intestinal organoid development. Nature 2019;569:66-72
- Roulis M, Kaklamanos A, Schernthanner M, et al. Paracrine orchestration of intestinal tumorigenesis by a mesenchymal niche. Nature 2020;580:524-529
- Mustata RC, Vasile G, Fernandez-Vallone V, et al. Identification of Lgr5-independent spheroid-generating progenitors of the mouse fetal intestinal epithelium. Cell Rep 2013;5:421-432
- Chen L, Qiu X, Dupre A, et al. TGFB1 induces fetal reprogramming and enhances intestinal regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2023;30:1520-1537.e8
- Rapin A, Chuat A, Lebon L, Zaiss MM, Marsland BJ, Harris NL. Infection with a small intestinal helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, consistently alters microbial communities throughout the murine small and large intestine. Int J Parasitol 2020;50:35-46
- Nusse YM, Savage AK, Marangoni P, et al. Parasitic helminths induce fetal-like reversion in the intestinal stem cell niche. Nature 2018;559:109-113 Erratum in: Nature 2018;562:E22
- Karo-Atar D, Ouladan S, Javkar T, et al. Helminth-induced reprogramming of the stem cell compartment inhibits type 2 immunity. J Exp Med 2022;219:e20212311
- Stein A, Voigt W, Jordan K. Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: pathophysiology, frequency and guideline-based management. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2010;2:51-63
- Xiang J, Wang H, Tao Q, et al. CDK4/6 inhibitor modulating active and quiescent intestinal stem cells for prevention of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. J Pathol 2023;260:235-247
- Qu M, Xiong L, Lyu Y, et al. Establishment of intestinal organoid cultures modeling injury-associated epithelial regeneration. Cell Res 2021;31:259-271
- Lukonin I, Serra D, Challet Meylan L, et al. Phenotypic landscape of intestinal organoid regeneration. Nature 2020;586:275-280
- Sala E, Genua M, Petti L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce colitis in mice via release of TSG6, independently of their localization to the intestine. Gastroenterology 2015;149:163-176.e20
- Kim HS, Shin TH, Lee BC, et al. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells reduce colitis in mice by activating NOD2 signaling to COX2. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1392-1403.e1-8
- Gonzalez MA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Rico L, Buscher D, Delgado M. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental colitis by inhibiting inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Gastroenterology 2009;136:978-989
- Regmi S, Seo Y, Ahn JS, et al. Heterospheroid formation improves therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in murine colitis through immunomodulation and epithelial regeneration. Biomaterials 2021;271:120752
- Katsandegwaza B, Horsnell W, Smith K. Inflammatory bowel disease: a review of pre-clinical murine models of human disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:9344
- Ohara TE, Colonna M, Stappenbeck TS. Adaptive differentiation promotes intestinal villus recovery. Dev Cell 2022;57:166-179.e6
- Miyoshi H, VanDussen KL, Malvin NP, et al. Prostaglandin E2 promotes intestinal repair through an adaptive cellular response of the epithelium. EMBO J 2017;36:5-24