Composites Research

The Korean Society for Composite Materials (한국복합재료학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Trends and Perspective for Eco-friendly Composites for Next-generation Automobiles

차세대 자동차용 친환경 복합재료의 동향 및 전망

  • Eunyoung Oh (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Marcela Maria Godoy Zuniga (Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Jonghwan Suhr (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • 오은영 ;
  • ;
  • 서종환
  • Received : 2024.03.05
  • Accepted : 2024.04.18
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

As global issues and interest in the environment increase, the transition to eco-friendly materials is accelerating in the automobile industry. In the automotive industry, eco-friendly composite materials are mainly used in various interior and exterior components, reducing the reliance on traditional petroleum-based materials. In particular, natural fiber composites help reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by making vehicles lighter. Additionally, they boast superior thermal properties and durability compared to non-recyclable composite materials, making them suitable for automotive interior parts. Furthermore, reduced production costs and sustainability are key advantages of natural fiber composites. The eco-friendly composites market is expected to grow to $86.43 billion at a CAGR of 15.3% from 2022 to 2030, and the natural fiber composites market is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 5.3% from 2023 to 2028 to $424 million. In this review paper, we explore research trends in nextgeneration natural fiber composite materials for automobiles and their application in the actual automobile industry.

환경에 대한 범세계적인 문제와 관심이 고조되는 가운데 자동차 산업에서도 친환경 소재로의 전환이 가속화되고 있다. 자동차 산업에서 친환경 복합재료는 차량 내부 및 비 구조 부품에 주로 사용된다. 특히 천연섬유 복합재료는 차량의 경량화로 연료 소비와 온실가스 배출을 줄이는데 도움을 주며 재활용이 가능하고 우수한 열적 특성과 내구성을 가지고 있어 자동차 내장 부품에 적합하다. 아울러 생산 비용 절감과 지속 가능성은 천연섬유 복합재료의 주요 장점이다. 친환경 복합재료 시장은 2022년부터 2030년까지 연평균 성장률 15.3%로 864억 3천만 달러 규모로 성장할 것으로 기대되며, 천연섬유 복합재료 시장은 2023년부터 2028년까지 연평균 5.3% 성장해 4억 2,400만 달러에 이를 것으로 예상된다. 본 리뷰 논문에서는 천연섬유 복합재료를 중심으로 차세대 자동차용 친환경 복합재료의 연구 동향과 실제 자동차 산업에서의 적용에 대해 탐구한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 과학기술정보통신부 및 한국연구재단의 중견연구지원사업의 연구결과로 수행되었음(2022R1A2C3011968).

References

  1. Pelegov, D.V. and J.-J. Chanaron, "Electric car market analysis using open data: sales, volatility assessment, and forecasting," Sustainability, 2022, 15(1), pp. 399.
  2. Shahzad, M., et al., "Digital twins in built environments: an investigation of the characteristics, applications, and challenges", Buildings, 2022, 12(2), pp. 120.
  3. Buberger, J., et al., "Total CO2-equivalent life-cycle emissions from commercially available passenger cars", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 159, 112158.
  4. Commission, E. A European Green Deal. 2019; Available from: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-europeangreen-deal_en.
  5. Xu, L., et al., "Greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles in Europe considering different charging strategies," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2020, 87, 102534.
  6. Tang, C., et al., "Assessing the European electric-mobility transition: emissions from electric vehicle manufacturing and use in relation to the EU greenhouse gas emission targets," Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 57(1), pp. 44-52.
  7. S. Rangarajan, S., et al., "Lithium-ion batteries-The crux of electric vehicles with opportunities and challenges," Clean Technologies, 2022, 4(4), pp. 908-930.
  8. Manzetti, S. and F. Mariasiu, "Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 51, pp. 1004-1012.
  9. Tolouei, R. and H. Titheridge, "Vehicle mass as a determinant of fuel consumption and secondary safety performance," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2009, 14(6), pp. 385-399.
  10. Daud, M., et al., "The effect of pineapple leaf fiber as a filler in polymer matrix composite for interior part in automotive," International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials, 2021, 14, pp. 363-372.
  11. Stevens, C.V., Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres: Structure, Properties and Technical Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
  12. Verma, D. and I. Senal, "Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Feasibiliy study for sustainable automotive industries," Biomass, Biopolymer-based Materials, and Bioenergy, 2019, pp. 103-122.
  13. Bongarde, U. and V. Shinde, "Review on natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites," International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, 2014, 3(2), pp. 431-436.
  14. Bhattacharyya, D., A. Subasinghe, and N.K. Kim, "Natural fibers: Their composites and flammability characterizations," Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites, 2015, 1(1), pp. 102-143.
  15. Asim, M., et al., "Potential of natural fiber/biomass filler-reinforced polymer composites in aerospace applications," Sustainable Composites for Aerospace Applications, 2018, pp. 253-268.
  16. Saxena, M., et al., Composite Materials from Natural Resources: Recent Trends and Future Potentials, IntechOpen, 2011.
  17. Feughelman, M., "Natural protein fibers," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83(3), pp. 489-507.
  18. Syduzzaman, M., et al., "Plant-based natural fibre reinforced composites: a review on fabrication, properties and applications," Coatings, 2020, 10(10), pp. 973.
  19. Alleman, J.E. and B.T. Mossman, "Asbestos revisited," Scientific American, 1997, 277(1), pp. 70-75.
  20. Thomas, S., et al., "Natural fibres: structure, properties and applications," Cellulose Fibers: Bio-and Nano-Polymer Composites: Green Chemistry and Technology, 2011, pp. 3-42.
  21. Anandjiwala, R.D. and S. Blouw, "Composites from bast fibres-prospects and potential in the changing market environment," Journal of Natural Fibers, 2007, 4(2), pp. 91-109.
  22. Kamaraj, M., E.A. Dodson, and S. Datta, "Effect of graphene on the properties of flax fabric reinforced epoxy composites," Advanced Composite Materials, 2020, 29(5), pp. 443-458.
  23. Wang, H., et al., "Effect of jute fiber modification on mechanical properties of jute fiber composite," Materials, 2019, 12(8), 1226.
  24. Choudhary, S., et al., "Advantages and applications of sisal fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites in automobiles: A literature review," Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023.
  25. Awad, S., et al., "Polylactic Acid (PLA) Reinforced with Date Palm Sheath Fiber Bio-Composites: Evaluation of Fiber Density, Geometry, and Content on the Physical and Mechanical Properties," Journal of Natural Fibers, 2023, 20(1),2143979.
  26. Delicano, J.A., "A review on abaca fiber reinforced composites," Composite Interfaces, 2018, 25(12), pp. 1039-1066.
  27. Pothan, L.A., S. Thomas, and N. Neelakantan, "Short banana fiber reinforced polyester composites: mechanical, failure and aging characteristics," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1997, 16(8), pp. 744-765.
  28. Yan, L., et al., "Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of coir fibres, coir fibre reinforced-polymer composites and reinforced-cementitious composites," Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 112, pp. 168-182.
  29. Lyu, P., et al., "Efficient extraction of technical fibers from hemp in an ethanol-water mixture," Industrial Crops and Products, 2022, 178, 114620.
  30. Wang, C., et al., "Relationship between chemical composition, crystallinity, orientation and tensile strength of kenaf fiber," Fibers and Polymers, 2016, 17, pp. 1757-1764.
  31. Cesarino, I., et al., "Fabrication of pineapple leaf fibers reinforced composites," Pineapple Leaf Fibers: Processing, Properties and Applications, 2020, pp. 265-277.
  32. Liu, D., et al., "Bamboo fiber and its reinforced composites: structure and properties," Cellulose, 2012, 19, pp. 1449-1480.
  33. Bhattacharyya, D., A. Subasinghe, and N.K. Kim, "Natural fibers: Their composites and flammability characterizations," Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites, 2015, pp. 102-143.
  34. Zimmermann, T., E. Pohler, and T. Geiger, "Cellulose fibrils for polymer reinforcement," Advanced Engineering Materials, 2004, 6(9), pp. 754-761.
  35. Li, Y., et al., "Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from partly mercerized cotton by mixed acid hydrolysis," Cellulose, 2014, 21, pp. 301-309.
  36. Atalla, R., et al., "Hemicelluloses as structure regulators in the aggregation of native cellulose," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 1993, 15(2), pp. 109-112.
  37. Thielemans, W., et al., "Novel applications of lignin in composite materials," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83(2), pp. 323-331.
  38. Faruk, O., et al., "Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000-2010," Progress in Polymer Science, 2012, 37(11), pp.1552-1596.
  39. Alshgari, R.A., et al., "Investigation on physical and mechanical properties of abaca fiber composites using filament winding," Advances in Polymer Technology, 2022.
  40. RW, K., "New strategies for exploiting flax and hemp," Chemtec, 1996, 26, pp. 34-42.
  41. Sharma, H. and C. Van Sumere, Biology and Processing of Flax, M Publications, 1992.
  42. Acha, B.A., N.E. Marcovich, and M.M. Reboredo, "Physical and mechanical characterization of jute fabric composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005, 98(2), pp. 639-650.
  43. Summerscales, J., et al., "A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 1-Fibres as reinforcements," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2010, 41(10), pp. 1329-1335.
  44. Kandachar, P. and R. Brouwer, Applications of Bio-composites in Industrial Products, MRS Online Proceedings Library, 2001, 702, pp. 1-12.
  45. Zampaloni, M., et al., "Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2007, 38(6), pp. 1569-1580.
  46. Nam, S. and A.N. Netravali, "Green composites. I. Physical properties of ramie fibers for environment-friendly green composites," Fibers and Polymers, 2006, 7, pp. 372-379.
  47. Munawar, S.S., K. Umemura, and S. Kawai, "Characterization of the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of seven nonwood plant fiber bundles," Journal of Wood Science, 2007, 53, pp. 108-113.
  48. Staiger, M. and N. Tucker, "Natural-fibre composites in structural applications," Properties and Performance of Natural-fibre Composites, 2008, pp. 269-300.
  49. Ramesh, M., K. Palanikumar, and K.H. Reddy, "Mechanical property evaluation of sisal-jute-glass fiber reinforced polyester composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013, 48, pp.1-9.
  50. Thanushan, K., et al., "Strength and durability characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced earth cement blocks," Journal of Natural Fibers, 2021, 18(6), pp. 773-788.
  51. Kumar, G.R. and V. Kesavan, "Study of structural properties evaluation on coconut fiber ash mixed concrete," Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, 22, pp. 811-816.
  52. Ahmad, J., et al., "Mechanical and durability characteristics of sustainable coconut fibers reinforced concrete with incorporation of marble powder," Materials Research Express, 2021, 8(7), 075505.
  53. Hasan, K.F., P.G. Horvath, and T. Alpar, "Potential natural fiber polymeric nanobiocomposites: A review," Polymers, 2020, 12(5), 1072.
  54. Wakelyn, P.J., et al., Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology, CRC Press, 2006.
  55. Sinha, M.K., "A review of processing technology for the utilisation of agro-waste fibres," Agricultural Wastes, 1982, 4(6), pp. 461-475.
  56. Dunne, R., et al., "A review of natural fibres, their sustainability and automotive applications," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2016, 35(13), pp. 1041-1050.
  57. Venkateshwaran, N. and A. Elayaperumal, "Banana fiber reinforced polymer composites-a review," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2010, 29(15), pp. 2387-2396.
  58. Adeniyi, A.G., J.O. Ighalo, and D.V. Onifade, "Banana and plantain fiber-reinforced polymer composites," Journal of Polymer Engineering, 2019, 39(7), pp. 597-611.
  59. Mousavi, S.R., et al., "Mechanical properties of bamboo fiberreinforced polymer composites: a review of recent case studies," Journal of Materials Science, 2022, 57(5), pp. 3143-3167.
  60. Lokesh, P., et al., "A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite," Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, 22, pp. 897-903.
  61. Ayrilmis, N., et al., "Coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composite panel for automotive interior applications," Fibers and Polymers, 2011, 12, pp. 919-926.
  62. Alsaeed, T., B. Yousif, and H. Ku, "The potential of using date palm fibres as reinforcement for polymeric composites," Materials & Design, 2013, 43, pp. 177-184.
  63. Zhu, J., et al., "Recent development of flax fibres and their reinforced composites based on different polymeric matrices," Materials, 2013, 6(11), pp. 5171-5198.
  64. Manaia, J.P., A.T. Manaia, and L. Rodriges, "Industrial hemp fibers: An overview," Fibers, 2019, 7(12), 106.
  65. Thygesen, A., "Properties of hemp fibre polymer compositesAn optimisation of fibre properties using novel defibration methods and fibre characterisation," Riso National Laboratory, 2006.
  66. Khalil, H.A., et al., "Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf fiber," Industrial Crops and Products, 2010, 31(1), pp. 113-121.
  67. Mahjoub, R., et al., "Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications," Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 55, pp. 103-113.
  68. Zin, M., et al., "The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing, 2018.
  69. Saha, A., S. Kumar, and A. Kumar, "Influence of pineapple leaf particulate on mechanical, thermal and biodegradation characteristics of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polymer composite," Journal of Polymer Research, 2021, 28, pp. 1-23.
  70. Kim, J.T. and A.N. Netravali, "Mercerization of sisal fibers: effect of tension on mechanical properties of sisal fiber and fiber-reinforced composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2010, 41(9), pp. 1245-1252.
  71. Kurien, R.A., et al., "A comprehensive review on the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of abaca fibre for their introduction into structural polymer composites," Cellulose, 2023, 30(14), pp. 8643-8664.
  72. Bunsell, A.R., Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres, Woodhead Publishing, 2018.
  73. Fangueiro, R. and S. Rana, Natural Fibres: Advances in Science and Technology Towards Industrial Applications, Edited, Springer, 2016.
  74. Kenneth G. Budinski, M.K.B., Engineering Materials: Properties and Selection, Prentice Hall, 2002.
  75. Gholampour, A. and T. Ozbakkaloglu, "A review of natural fiber composites: Properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications," Journal of Materials Science, 2020, 55(3), pp. 829-892.
  76. Kalia, S., B. Kaith, and I. Kaur, Cellulose Fibers: Bio-and Nanopolymer Composites: Green Chemistry and Technology, Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
  77. Bilba, K. and M.-A. Arsene, "Silane treatment of bagasse fiber for reinforcement of cementitious composites," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2008, 39(9), pp. 1488-1495.
  78. Ferreira, D.P., J. Cruz, and R. Fangueiro, "Surface modification of natural fibers in polymer composites," Green Composites for Automotive Applications, 2019, pp. 3-41.
  79. Yang, S.B., D. Lee, Y. Lee, and D.J. Kwon, "Comparison of Resin Impregnation and Mechanical Properties of Composites Based on Fiber Plasma Treatment," Composites Research, 2023, 36(6), pp. 388-394.
  80. George, M., P.G. Mussone, and D.C. Bressler, "Surface and thermal characterization of natural fibres treated with enzymes," Industrial Crops and Products, 2014, 53, pp. 365-373.
  81. Oh, E., et al., "Synthesis and characterization of bamboo employed environmentally friendly cellulose nanofibrils reinforced natural rubber composites with uncompromised mechanical properties," Advanced Composite Materials, 2024, 33(1), pp. 120-133.
  82. Kumar, S. and R. Bharj, "Emerging composite material use in current electric vehicle: a review," Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018, 5(14), pp. 27946-27954.
  83. Garrow, L.A., B.J. German, and C.E. Leonard, "Urban air mobility: A comprehensive review and comparative analysis with autonomous and electric ground transportation for informing future research," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2021, 132, pp. 103377.
  84. Group, M.-B., Sustainability Report 2022, 2022.
  85. AG, P., Annual and Sustainability Report 2022 of Porsche AG. 2023, Porsche AG.
  86. Company, F.M., Integrated Sustainability and Financial Report 2023, 2022, Ford Motor Company.
  87. Group, H.M., 2023 Sustainability Report. 2023, Hyundai Motors Group.
  88. Co., T.M., Sustainability Data Book, Toyota Motor Co, 2023.
  89. Wang, F., et al., "Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality," The Innovation, 2021, 2(4).
  90. Bieker, G., "A global comparison of the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of combustion engine and electric passenger cars," Communications, 2021, 49(30), pp. 847129-102.
  91. Koronis, G. and A. Silva, Green Composites for Automotive Applications, Woodhead Publishing, 2018.
  92. Long way to recycling plastics in the automotive industry. 2020 [cited 2020 April 10]; Available from: https://knaufautomotive.com/recycled-plastics-in-the-automotive-industry/.
  93. Group, M.-B. VISION EQXX: The new benchmark of efficiency. 2022 [cited 2022; Available from: https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/innovation/concept-cars/vision-eqxx-thenew-benchmark-of-effiency/.
  94. Mohammed, L., et al., "A review on natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and its applications," International Journal of Polymer Science, 2015, Vol. 2015, 243947.
  95. Chauhan, V., T. Karki, and J. Varis, "Review of natural fiberreinforced engineering plastic composites, their applications in the transportation sector and processing techniques," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2022, 35(8), pp. 1169-1209.
  96. The BMW i8 - Ushering in a New Era of Sustainable PerformancePriced from $135,700 in the US. 2013 [cited 2013 September 10]; Available from: https://www.bmwusanews.com/ newsrelease.do?id=1831&mid=246.
  97. Driver, C.a. BMW i Vision Circular Concept Is the 100% Recyclable Compact Car of 2040. 2021 [cited 2021 September 06]; Available from: https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37484821/bmw-i-vision-circular-concept-revealed/.
  98. Group, B. The BMW i Vision Circular. 2021 [cited 2021 September 06]; Available from: https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0341253EN/the-bmw-i-vision-circular?language=en. 
  99. Bcomp. Mercedes-AMG GT4 race cars with natural fibre composite bumpers. 2022 [cited 2022 March 31]; Available from:https://www.bcomp.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/220331_ Bcomp-Mercedes-AMG-GT4-bumper-Final_en.pdf.
  100. Zhao, D. and Z. Zhou, "Applications of lightweight composites in automotive industries," Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers, 2014, pp. 143-158.
  101. Volvo. Sustainability. 2023 [cited 2023; Available from: https://www.volvocars.com/intl/v/sustainability/climate-action.
  102. Dong-A Ilbo, Vegetable leather, Waste battery recycling, Hyundai Motor Company builds an eco-friendly ecosystem, 2022 [cited 2022 April 6]; Available from: https://www.donga. com/news/Economy/article/all/20220406/112714754/1.
  103. H.M. Group, The Kia EV9, 2023 [cited 2024 Mar. 04]; Available from: https://www.kia.com/content/dam/kwp/kr/ko/vehicles/pdf/en_brochure/en_catalog_ev9.pdf.
  104. Autoevolution. 2014 Ford F-150 Becomes More Eco-Friendly with Rice Hull-Reinforced Plastic. 2013 [cited 2013 August 07]; Available from: https://www.autoevolution.com/news/2014-ford-f-150-becomes-more-eco-friendly-with-rice-hull-reinforced-plastic-64620.html.
  105. Motortrend. Wheat Deal: Ford Uses Wheat Straw-Reinforced Plastic in 2010 Flex Storage Bins. 2009 [cited 2009 November 12]; Available from: https://www.motortrend.com/news/wheatdeal-ford-uses-wheat-strawreinforced-plastic-in-2010-flex-storagebins-5897/.
  106. Research, V.M. Bio-Composites Market. 2023 [cited 2023 January 06]; Available from: https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/industry-report/biocomposites-market-1965.
  107. Natural Fiber Composites Market - By Type (Wood Fiber Composites, Hemp Fiber Composites, Flax Fiber Composites, Jute Fiber Composites), By Matrix (Inorganic Compound, Natural Polymer, Synthetic Polymer), By End-use & Forecast, 2023 - 2032. 2023; Available from: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/natural-fiber-composites-market.
  108. Theissler, A., et al., "Predictive maintenance enabled by machine learning: Use cases and challenges in the automotive industry," Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2021, 215, 107864.
  109. Manu, T., et al., "Biocomposites: A review of materials and perception," Materials Today Communications, 2022, 31, 103308.
  110. (IEA), I.E.A., CO2 Emissions in 2022, 2023, International Energy Agency (IEA).
  111. Maury, T., et al., "Towards recycled plastic content targets in new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles," Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2023.
  112. JRC. Innovative requirements could boost circular economy of plastics and critical raw materials in vehicles. 2023 [cited 2023 July 13]; Available from: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/innovative-requirements-could-boostcircular-economy-plastics-and-critical-raw-materials-vehicles2023-07-13_en.