DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Static Stretching and Myofascial Release Techniques on Kinematic Factors of Lower Extremity Joints during Squat

스쿼트 동작 시 정적 스트레칭과 근막이완기법이 하지 관절의 운동학적 요인에 미치는 영향

  • Seung-Ki An (Department of Sports Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University) ;
  • Moon-Seok Kwon (Sports Convergence Institute, Konkuk University) ;
  • Jae-Woo Lee (Sports Convergence Institute, Konkuk University) ;
  • Young-Tae Lim (Division of Sports & Health Science, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University)
  • Received : 2024.04.08
  • Accepted : 2024.04.29
  • Published : 2024.06.30

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in kinematic factors according to stretching treatment, myofascial release treatment, and static stretching treatment conditions during squat. Method: Twelve males with resistance training experience participated in this study. Participants performed squats without treatment (Pre-Test), and performed squats after treatment with the myofascial release technique (MRT) and static stretching (SS) on different days (post-test). Squat movements were captured using eight motion capture cameras (sampling rate: 250 Hz), and the peak joint angles of the ankle, knee, hip, and pelvis were calculated for each direction. One-way repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analyses using SPSS 27 (IBM Corp. Armonk NY, USA) were used to compare the peak joint angle of the lower extremity joints and pelvis among the normal condition (squat without treatment), MRT condition (squat after MRT treatment) and SS condition (squat after static stretching). The statistical significance level was set at .05. Results: It was observed that the maximum ankle joint flexion angle during squats was statistically reduced under conditions of myofascial release and static stretching (p<.05), in comparison to the scenario where no stretching was performed. Furthermore, static stretching was found to enhance the maximum hip flexion angle during squat (p<.05), whereas the myofascial release stretching technique resulted in the minimal posterior pelvic tilt angle (p<.05). Conclusion: Employing myofascial release stretching as a preparatory exercise proved to be more efficacious in maintaining body stability throughout the execution of high-intensity squat movements by effectively managing the posterior tilt of the pelvis, as opposed to foregoing stretching or engaging in static stretching.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This paper was supported by Konkuk University in 2023.

References

  1. Anderson, D. E. & Madigan, M. L. (2014). Healthy older adults have insufficient hip range of motion and plantar flexor strength to walk like healthy young adults. Journal of Biomechanics, 47(5), 1104-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.024
  2. An, G. J. & Lee, G. H. (2023). Effects of PNF Stretching on Lower Extremity Joint Range of Motion and Muscular Function in Taekwondo Sparring Athletes. The Korean Journal of Growth and Development, 31(3), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.34284/KJGD.2023.08.31.3.173
  3. Bacurau, R. F. P., Monteiro, G. A., Ugrinowitsch, C., Tricoli, V., Cabral, L. F. & Aoki, M. S. (2009). Acute effect of a ballistic and a static stretching exercise bout on flexibility and maximal strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 304-308. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181874d55
  4. Bandy, W. D., Irion, J. M. & Briggler, M. (1997). The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical Therapy, 77(10), 1090-1096. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/77.10.1090
  5. Beardsley, C. & Skarabot, J. (2015). Effects of self-myofascial release: A systematic review. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 19(4), 747-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.007
  6. Behm, D. G. & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 2633-2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2
  7. Braddom, R. L. (1996). Practice Issues in the Hospital-Based Rehabilitation Unit. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 7(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-9651(18)30415-7
  8. Caterisano, A., Moss, R. F., Pellinger, T. K., Woodruff, K., Lewis, V. C., Booth, W. & Khadra, T. (2002). The effect of back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(3), 428-432.
  9. Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C. & Cronin, J. (2015). A Comparison of Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, and Vastus Lateralis Electromyographic Activity in the Back Squat and Barbell Hip Thrust Exercises. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 31(6), 452-458. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0301
  10. Chon, S. C. & Chang, K. Y. (2010). The effects of post-isometric contraction stretching combined with antagonist muscle contraction on muscle strength and flexibility. Korean Society of Sport and Leisure Studies, 40(2), 709-717. https://doi.org/10.51979/KSSLS.2010.05.40.709
  11. Clark, D. R., Lambert, M. I. & Hunter, A. M. (2012). Muscle activation in the loaded free barbell squat: A brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(4), 1169-1178. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822d533d
  12. Ekstrom, R. A., Donatelli, R. A. & Carp, K. C. (2007). Electromyographic analysis of core trunk, hip, and thigh muscles during 9 rehabilitation exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 37(12), 754-762. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2471
  13. Fransen, J., D'Hooghe, P., van den Brande, K., Helsen, W. & Vissers, D. (2009). Positive effects of proprioceptive knee bracing on performance in soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(4), 736-742.
  14. Gabin, M. (2009). An investigation into the effects of manual technique targeted towards psoas major muscle on lumbar range of motion.
  15. Healey, K. C., Hatfield, D. L., Blanpied, P., Dorfman, L. R. & Riebe, D. (2014). The effects of myofascial release with foam rolling on performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182956569
  16. Heo, A. S. & Park, J. Y. (2021). Effect of self-myofascial release training on hip joint ROM and pain improvement in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Korean Society for the Study of Physical Education, 26(4), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.15831/JKSSPE.2021.26.4.245
  17. Kalichman, L. & David, C. B. (2017). Effect of self-myofascial release on myofascial pain, muscle flexibility, and strength: A narrative review. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 21(2), 446-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.11.006
  18. Kang, T. W. & Kim, B. R. (2019). The effects of stretching and strengthening exercise on the pain, pelvic tilt, functional disability index, and balance ability of patients with chronic lower back pain. The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 31(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.18857/jkpt.2019.31.1.7
  19. Kasim, P. (2007). Optimizing squat technique. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 29(6), 10.
  20. Kendall, F. P., McCreary, E. K., Provance, P. G., Rodgers, M. M. & Romani, W. A. (2005). Muscles: Testing and function, with posture and pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  21. Kubo, Y., Oda, S. & Akagi, R. (2021). Effects of Squat Depth on Muscle Activity in Vastus Lateralis and Semitendinosus Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(2), 433-439.
  22. Kim, D., Kim, T., Jung, D. & Weon, J. (2014). Effects of the graston technique and self-myofascial release on the range of motion of a knee joint. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 9(4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2014.9.4.455
  23. Kim, J. & Kim, T. (2010). Immediate effects of stretching on hamstring stiffness. Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 22(1), 1-7.
  24. Kim, S., Kwon, O., Park, K., Jeon, I. & Weon, J. (2015). Lower extremity strength and the range of motion in relation to squat depth. Journal of Human Kinetics, 45(1), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0007
  25. Kim, W. & Shin, D. (2020). Correlations between hip extension range of motion, hip extension asymmetry, and compensatory lumbar movement in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, 925080.
  26. Lee, H., Yook, D., Ko, W., Park, Y. & Lee, H. (2005). The effects of static stretching and evjenth-hamberg stretching on range of motion of knee joint. Physical Therapy Korea, 12(2), 37-43.
  27. Lee, J., Lim, Y. & Kwon, M. (2022). The effect of foot external rotation on postural stability factors during deep squat. Culture and Convergence, 44(3), 1043-1057.
  28. Lee, S. H. & Nam, S. M. (2020). Effects of Active Release Technique on Pain, Oswestry Disability Index and Pelvic Asymmetry in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 15(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2020.15.1.133
  29. Lim, S., Son, J., Park, D., Jeng, S. & Kim, S. (2009). A comparative study on the muscle energy technique (MET) and stretching exercise effect of hamstring flexibility improvement. Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, 19(1), 201-211.
  30. Lorenzetti, S., Ostermann, M., Zeidler, F., Zimmer, P., Jentsch, L., List, R., Taylor, W. R. & Schellenberg, F. (2018). How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 10, 14.
  31. Lorenzetti, S., Ostermann, M. & Zeidler, F. (2018). The Effect of Squat Depth on Multiarticular Muscle Activation in Collegiate Cross-Country Runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(6), 1605-1614.
  32. Marchetti, P. H., Fioravante, G. Z., da Silva, J. J., Gomes, W. A., Soares, E. G., Pecoraro, S. L., de Freitas, F. S., Magalhaes, R. A., SenagaMiyatake, M. M. & Brown, L. E. (2017). Effects of squat amplitude on pelvic tilt and tibial inclination. MOJ Sports Medicine, 1(1), 6-7.
  33. Mendiguchia, J., Garrues, M. A., Cronin, J. B. & Contreras, B. (2020). Effects of hamstring-emphasized neuromuscular training on strength, sprinting, and jumping performance in football players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(3), 521-531.
  34. Muragod, A., Patil, P., Raval, S. A. & Hiremath, P. (2018). Effect of muscle energy technique and active release technique on hip internal and external rotation range of motion and strength in competitive football players: A randomized clinical trial. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy, 12(4).
  35. Muscolino, J. E. (2008). The muscle and bone palpation manual with trigger points, referral patterns and stretching, Elsevier Health Sciences.
  36. Myer, G. D., Kushner, A. M., Brent, J. L., Schoenfeld, B. J., Hugentobler, J., Lloyd, R. S., Vermeil, A., Chu, D. A., Harbin, J. & McGill, S. M. (2014). The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 36(6), 4-27. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000103
  37. Nelson, R. T. & Bandy, W. D. (2021). Eccentric training and static stretching improve hamstring flexibility of high school males. Journal of Athletic Training, 36(3), 204-209.
  38. Neumann, D. A. (2002). Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system. St. Louis: Mosby, 25-40.
  39. Samuel, M. N., Holcomb, W. R., Guadagnoli, M. A., Rubley, M. D. & Wallmann, H. (2008). Acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on measures of strength and power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1422-1428. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318181a314
  40. Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3497-3506. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac2d7
  41. Shrier, I. (2004). Does stretching improve performance?: A systematic and critical review of the literature. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14(5), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200409000-00004
  42. Shin, H. S. & Lee, K. S. (2006). Effects of combined resistance exercise on range of motion (ROM), grip strength and pain in middle-aged women with shoulder disorder. The Korea Journal of Sports Science, 15(1), 569-577.
  43. Suh, J., Hong, S. & Lee, C. (2006). Effectiveness of stretching exercise in the treatment of the iliotibial band friction syndrome. Journal of Korean Orthopedic Sports Medicine, 5(2), 147-154.
  44. Sung, P. S. (2014). A kinematic analysis for shoulder and pelvis coordination during axial trunk rotation in subjects with and without recurrent low back pain. Gait & Posture, 40(4), 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.06.001
  45. Unick, J., Kieffer, H. S., Cheesman, W. & Feeney, A. (2005). The acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on vertical jump performance in trained women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 206-212.
  46. Van Dillen, L. R., Bloom, N. J., Gombatto, S. P. & Susco, T. M. (2008). Hip rotation range of motion in people with and without low back pain who participate in rotation-related sports. Physical Therapy in Sport, 9(2), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.01.002