Acknowledgement
The authors thank the CNPq proc n. 402754/2021-2, a Brazilian government agency for funding the research.
References
- Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod 2006;32:389-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2005.09.014
- Virdee SS, Seymour DW, Farnell D, Bhamra G, Bhakta S. Efficacy of irrigant activation techniques in removing intracanal smear layer and debris from mature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2018;51:605-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12877
- Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:658-666. https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
- Violich DR, Chandler NP. The smear layer in endodontics - a review. Int Endod J 2010;43:2-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01627.x
- Shahravan A, Haghdoost AA, Adl A, Rahimi H, Shadifar F. Effect of smear layer on sealing ability of canal obturation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod 2007;33:96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2006.10.007
- Zancan RF, Di Maio A, Tomson PL, Duarte MAH, Camilleri J. The presence of smear layer affects the antimicrobial action of root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2021;54:1369-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13522
- Portenier I, Haapasalo H, Rye A, Waltimo T, Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Inactivation of root canal medicaments by dentine, hydroxylapatite and bovine serum albumin. Int Endod J 2001;34:184-188. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2001.00366.x
- Urban K, Donnermeyer D, Schafer E, Burklein S. Canal cleanliness using different irrigation activation systems: a SEM evaluation. Clin Oral Investig 2017;21:2681-2687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2070-x
- Orlowski NB, Schimdt TF, Teixeira CDS, Garcia LDFR, Savaris JM, Tay FR, et al. Smear layer removal using passive ultrasonic irrigation and different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 2020;46:1738-1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.07.020
- van der Sluis LW, Versluis M, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Passive ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: a review of the literature. Int Endod J 2007;40:415-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01243.x
- Duque JA, Duarte MA, Canali LC, Zancan RF, Vivan RR, Bernardes RA, et al. Comparative effectiveness of new mechanical irrigant agitating devices for debris removal from the canal and isthmus of mesial roots of mandibular molars. J Endod 2017;43:326-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.009
- Machado R, da Silva I, Comparin D, de Mattos BAM, Alberton LR, da Silva Neto UX. Smear layer removal by passive ultrasonic irrigation and 2 new mechanical methods for activation of the chelating solution. Restor Dent Endod 2021;46:e11.
- Guven Y, Ali A, Arslan H. Efficiency of Endosonic Blue, EDDY, Ultra X and EndoActivator in the removal of calcium hydroxide paste from root canals. Aust Endod J 2022;48:32-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12608
- Coaguila-Llerena H, Lazo-Quezada G, Teves A, Zevallos-Chavez M, Faria G. Removal of separated instruments from unfavourable locations: case reports using the HBW ultrasonic ring or a surgical approach. Aust Endod J 2023;49:358-364.
- Teves A, Blanco D, Casaretto M, Torres J, Alvarado DE, Coaguila-Llerena H, et al. Multispecies biofilm removal by XP-endo Finisher and passive ultrasonic irrigation: a scanning electron microscopy study. Aust Endod J 2022;48:91-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12549
- Parente JM, Loushine RJ, Susin L, Gu L, Looney SW, Weller RN, et al. Root canal debridement using manual dynamic agitation or the EndoVac for final irrigation in a closed system and an open system. Int Endod J 2010;43:1001-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01755.x
- Yassen GH, Platt JA, Hara AT. Bovine teeth as substitute for human teeth in dental research: a review of literature. J Oral Sci 2011;53:273-282. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.53.273
- Tanaka JL, Medici Filho E, Salgado JA, Salgado MA, Moraes LC, Moraes ME, et al. Comparative analysis of human and bovine teeth: radiographic density. Braz Oral Res 2008;22:346-351. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242008000400011
- Falla-Sotelo FO, Rizzutto MA, Tabacniks MH, Added IN, Barbosa I, Markarian RA, et al. Analysis and discussion of trace elements in teeth of different animal species. Braz J Phys 2005;35:761-762. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332005000500010
- Teruel JD, Alcolea A, Hernandez A, Ruiz AJ. Comparison of chemical composition of enamel and dentine in human, bovine, porcine and ovine teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2015;60:768-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.01.014
- Martins Justo A, Abreu da Rosa R, Santini MF, Cardoso Ferreira MB, Pereira JR, Hungaro Duarte MA, et al. Effectiveness of final irrigant protocols for debris removal from simulated canal irregularities. J Endod 2014;40:2009-2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.006
- Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, Duarte MA, Cavenago BC, Jaramillo D, Versiani MA. Shaping ability of Reciproc and TF adaptive systems in severely curved canals of rapid microCT-based prototyping molar replicas. J Appl Oral Sci 2014;22:509-515. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720130705
- Anderson J, Wealleans J, Ray J. Endodontic applications of 3D printing. Int Endod J 2018;51:1005-1018. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12917
- Reymus M, Fotiadou C, Kessler A, Heck K, Hickel R, Diegritz C. 3D printed replicas for endodontic education. Int Endod J 2019;52:123-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12964
- Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT, Chavez de Paz LE. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study irrigants and irrigation systems. Int Endod J 2022;55(Supplement 2):295-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13710
- Gambarini G, Laszkiewicz J. A scanning electron microscopic study of debris and smear layer remaining following use of GT rotary instruments. Int Endod J 2002;35:422-427. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00495.x
- Rossi-Fedele G, Dogramaci EJ, Guastalli AR, Steier L, de Figueiredo JA. Antagonistic interactions between sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, and citric acid. J Endod 2012;38:426-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.01.006
- Kato AS, Cunha RS, da Silveira Bueno CE, Pelegrine RA, Fontana CE, de Martin AS. Investigation of the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation versus irrigation with reciprocating activation: an environmental scanning electron microscopic study. J Endod 2016;42:659-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.01.016
- Rodig T, Koberg C, Baxter S, Konietschke F, Wiegand A, Rizk M. Micro-CT evaluation of sonically and ultrasonically activated irrigation on the removal of hard-tissue debris from isthmus-containing mesial root canal systems of mandibular molars. Int Endod J 2019;52:1173-1181. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13100
- Rodig T, Dollmann S, Konietschke F, Drebenstedt S, Hulsmann M. Effectiveness of different irrigant agitation techniques on debris and smear layer removal in curved root canals: a scanning electron microscopy study. J Endod 2010;36:1983-1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.056