Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Cytokinin signaling promotes root secondary growth and bud formation in Panax ginseng

  • Kyoung Rok Geem (Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Yookyung Lim (Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Jeongeui Hong (Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Wonsil Bae (Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Jinsu Lee (School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Soeun Han (Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Jinsu Gil (Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Hyunwoo Cho (Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Hojin Ryu (Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University)
  • Received : 2023.07.24
  • Accepted : 2023.11.06
  • Published : 2024.03.01
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Abstract

Background: Panax ginseng, one of the valuable perennial medicinal plants, stores numerous pharmacological substrates in its storage roots. Given its perennial growth habit, organ regeneration occurs each year, and cambium stem cell activity is necessary for secondary growth and storage root formation. Cytokinin (CK) is a phytohormone involved in the maintenance of meristematic cells for the development of storage organs; however, its physiological role in storage-root secondary growth remains unknown. Methods: Exogenous CK was repeatedly applied to P. ginseng, and morphological and histological changes were observed. RNA-seq analysis was used to elucidate the transcriptional network of CK that regulates P. ginseng growth and development. The HISTIDINE KINASE 3 (PgHK3) and RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (PgRR2) genes were cloned in P. ginseng and functionally analyzed in Arabidopsis as a two-component system involved in CK signaling. Results: Phenotypic and histological analyses showed that CK increased cambium activity and dormant axillary bud formation in P. ginseng, thus promoting storage-root secondary growth and bud formation. The evolutionarily conserved two-component signaling pathways in P. ginseng were sufficient to restore CK signaling in the Arabidopsis ahk2/3 double mutant and rescue its growth defects. Finally, RNA-seq analysis of CK-treated P. ginseng roots revealed that plant-type cell wall biogenesis-related genes are tightly connected with mitotic cell division, cytokinesis, and auxin signaling to regulate CK-mediated P. ginseng development. Conclusion: Overall, we identified the CK signaling-related two-component systems and their physiological role in P. ginseng. This scientific information has the potential to significantly improve the field-cultivation and biotechnology-based breeding of ginseng.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (No. PJ01482004), National Research Foundation (NRF-2021R1I1A3050947) and (NRF-RS-2023-00209134).

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