DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Can Brand Affinity Outperform Political Parties' Rejection When Nominating Celebrity Politicians in a Post-Rebellion Multi-Party Context?

  • Received : 2022.11.15
  • Accepted : 2023.05.22
  • Published : 2023.05.31

Abstract

In competitive political contexts, sustaining power is the ultimate goal for political parties. Nominating celebrity politicians can be a double-edged sword for parent brands in attracting votes and influencing voting intention. This study contributes to the moderating role of brand affinity towards celebrity politicians. It considers celebrities' cognitive perceived benefits and voting intention relationship in a multiparty parliamentarian election. A cross-sectional survey with a stratified proportional random sampling technique in fifteen Lebanese districts ensured a representative sample. One thousand two hundred sixty-nine responses were found eligible for analysis. Findings indicate that brand affinity positively moderates the negative relationship between perceived benefits and voting intention. This study offers a new understanding of celebrity politicians' implementation strategy and campaign management and considers the contribution of the affective intelligence theory. It provides implications, limitations, and promising directions for future research on celebrity politicians.

Keywords

References

  1. Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R. J., & Pierce, C. A. (2005). Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 94-107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.94
  2. Ahmad, N. (2020). Celebrification of politics: Understanding migration of celebrities into politics celebrification of celebrity politicians in the emerging democracy of Indonesia. East Asia, 37(1), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-020-09332-z
  3. Albert, N., & Merunka, D. (2013). The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(3), 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761311328928
  4. Aldrich, J. H. (1995). Why parties?: The origin and transformation of political parties in America. University of Chicago Press.https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DUah_LP8qdUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%7BAldrich,+1995+&ots=Du8OLiyBBQ&sig=Dle2SASOOngxJOgz7isGi_e7eE
  5. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Michael, H., & Brennan, R. (2019). Marketing: An Introduction: Pearson Education
  6. Atallah, S., & Zoughaib, S. (2019). Lebanon's parliamentary elections of 2018: Seats, coalitions and candidate profiles, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies (LCPS): Policy Paper. .https://www.lcps-lebanon.org/publications/1547823235-parliamentary_election_3_eng.pdf
  7. Badaan, V., Richa, R., & Jost, J. T. (2020). Ideological justification of the sectarian political system in Lebanon. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.033
  8. Baff, S. (2021). The fluctuation of Lebanese lira against the US dollar in the parallel market. The Research Blog. BlomInvest-Bank. https://blog.blominvestbank.com/41472/the-fluctuation-of-lebanese-liraagainst-the-us-dollar-in-the-parallel-market/
  9. Bagenholm, A., Bauhr, M., Grimes, M. L., & Rothstein, B. (2021). The Oxford handbook of the quality of government. Blackwell's.
  10. Banerjee, S., & Chaudhuri, B. R. (2020). Factors shaping attitude of voters about celebrity politicians: Direct and indirect effects. Journal of Business Research, 109, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.009
  11. Banich, M. T., & Compton, R. J. (2018). Cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge University Press.
  12. Bisgaard, M. (2015). Bias will find a way: Economic perceptions, attributions of blame, and partisan-motivated reasoning during crisis. The Journal of Politics, 77(3), 849-860. https://doi.org/10.1086/681591
  13. Boykoff, M. T., & Goodman, M. K. (2009). Conspicuous redemption? Reflections on the promises and perils of the 'celebritization'of climate change. Geoforum, 40(3), 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.04.006
  14. Brockington, D. (2014). Celebrity advocacy and international development. Routledge.
  15. Chang, E. C. C. (2020). Corruption predictability and corruption voting in Asian democracies. Public Choice, 184(3), 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00760-x
  16. Cravens, M. D. (2020). Measuring the strength of voter turnout habits. Electoral Studies, 64, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102117
  17. Crowson, M. H. (2020). A practical introduction to SEM with latent variable interactions using AMOS. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QXn01kJA5tkSyt9VPFtE-cUTYaX5f6k_/
  18. Cwalina, W., & Falkowski, A. (2015). Political branding: Political candidates positioning based on inter-object associative affinity index. Journal of Political Marketing, 14(1-2), 152-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.990842
  19. Dassonneville, R., Blais, A., & Dejaeghere, Y. (2015). Staying with the party, switching or exiting? A comparative analysis of determinants of party switching and abstaining. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 25(3): 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2015.1016528
  20. Dassonneville, R., Hooghe, M., & Miller, P. (2017). The impact of compulsory voting on inequality and the quality of the vote. West European Politics, 40(3), 621-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2016.1266187
  21. Davies, G. (2008). Employer branding and its influence on managers. European Journal of Marketing, 42(5/6), 667-681. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810862570
  22. De Chernatony, L., & Riley, F. D. O. (1999). Experts' views about defining services brands and the principles of services branding. Journal of Business Research, 46(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(98)00021-6
  23. Dewenter, R., Linder, M., & Thomas, T. (2019). Can media drive the electorate? The impact of media coverage on voting intentions. European Journal of Political Economy, 58, 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.12.003
  24. Di Mauro, D. (2008). The consociational democracy at stake: Four approaches to explain Lebanon past and present. Acta Politica, 43(4), 453-471. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2008.15
  25. Dolan, K. (2008). Is there a "gender affinity effect" in American politics? Information, affect, and candidate sex in US House elections. Political Research Quarterly, 61(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907307518
  26. Elhajjar, S. (2018). An empirical test of a model of resistance to political marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 6(1), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.15640/jmm.v6n1a7
  27. Elhajjar, S. (2020). Examining Lebanese consumers' negative attitudes toward banks. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(7), 1511-1528. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2020-0265
  28. Enders, D. (2018). Politics of the press: Lebanon's journalists run in the parliamentary elections. The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/politics-of-the-press-lebanons-journalists-run-in-the-parliamentary-elections-1.713372
  29. Farrag, D. A. R., & Shamma, H. (2014). Factors influencing voting intentions for Egyptian parliament elections 2011. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5(1), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2013-0003
  30. Farrell, D. M., & Hardiman, N. (2021). The Oxford handbook of Irish politics. Oxford University Press.
  31. Fiorina, M. P. (1976). The voting decision: Instrumental and expressive aspects. The Journal of Politics, 38(2), 390-413. https://doi.org/10.2307/2129541
  32. Gamson, W. A. (1992). The social psychology of collective action. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, 1, 53-76.
  33. Gaskin, J. (2020). Structural Equation Modeling. MyEducator. https://app.myeducator.com/reader/web/1381b/
  34. Genovese, F., Schneider, G., & Wassmann, P. (2016). The Eurotower strikes back: Crises, adjustments, and Europe's austerity protests. Comparative Political Studies, 49(7), 939-967. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015626444
  35. Guzman, F., Paswan, A. K., & Van Steenburg, E. (2015). Self-referencing and political candidate brands: A congruency perspective. Journal of Political Marketing, 14(1-2), 175-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.990837
  36. Healy, A., Malhotra, N. A., & Mo, C. H. 2009. Personal emotions and political decision making: Implications for voter competence. Paper presented at the APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1449904
  37. Inthorn, S., & Street, J. (2011). 'Simon Cowell for prime minister'? Young citizens' attitudes towards celebrity politics. Media, Culture & Society, 33(3), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443711398765
  38. Jaca, G. B., & Torneo, A. R. (2021). Explaining (non) participation in overseas voting: The case of overseas Filipino voters in Japan in the 2016 elections. Diaspora Studies, 14(1), 45-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/09739572.2019.1705695
  39. Jacinto, L. (2020, October 7). Lebanon's neo-liberal wheels sped to a dream future, but the past applies the brakes. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/20200710-lebanon-s-neo-liberal-wheels-spedto-a-dream-future-but-the-past-applies-the-brakes
  40. Jackson, D. J. (2008). Selling politics: The impact of celebrities' political beliefs on young Americans. Journal of Political Marketing, 6(4), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1300/J199v06n04_04
  41. Jacobson, G. C., & Carson, J. L. (2019). The politics of congressional elections. Rowman & Littlefield.
  42. Keller, K. L., Parameswaran, M., & Jacob, I. (2011). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India.
  43. Kendall-Taylor, A., Lindstaedt, N., & Frantz, E. (2020). Democracies and authoritarian regimes. Oxford University Press
  44. Khatib, L., & Wallace, J. (2021). Lebanon's politics and politicians. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lebanons-politics
  45. Langsaether, P. E. (2019). Class voting and the differential role of political values: Evidence from 12 West-European countries. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 29(1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2018.1464015
  46. Lim, C. S., & Snyder Jr, J. M. (2015). Is more information always better? Party cues and candidate quality in us judicial elections. Journal of Public Economics, 128, 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.04.006
  47. Loader, B. D., Vromen, A., & Xenos, M. A. (2016). Performing for the young networked citizen? Celebrity politics, social networking and the political engagement of young people. Media, Culture & Society, 38(3), 400-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715608261
  48. Loschky, J. (2021, December 2). Leaving Lebanon: Crisis has most people looking for exit in Gallup https://news.gallup.com/poll/357743/leaving-lebanon-crisispeople-looking-exit.aspx
  49. Majic, S., O'Neill, D., & Bernhard, M. (2020). Celebrity and politics. Perspectives on Politics, 18(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719004602
  50. Malhotra, N. K., Schaller, T. K., & Patil, A. (2017). Common method variance in advertising research: When to be concerned and how to control for it. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1252287
  51. Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent" yes". The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628-657. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647821
  52. Marcus, G. E., MacKuen, M., & Neuman, W. R. (2011). Parsimony and complexity: Developing and testing theories of affective intelligence. Political Psychology, 32(2), 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00806.x
  53. Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., Vasilopoulos, P., & Foucault, M. (2019). Applying the theory of affective intelligence to support for authoritarian policies and parties. Political Psychology, 40, 109-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12571
  54. Marsh, D., Hart, P. t., & Tindall, K. (2010). Celebrity politics: The politics of the late modernity? Political Studies Review, 8(3), 322-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2010.00215.x
  55. Mendick, H., Ahmad, A., Allen, K., & Harvey, L. (2018). Celebrity, aspiration and contemporary youth: Education and inequality in an era of austerity. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  56. Milesi, P. (2017). Moral foundations and voting intention in Italy. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 13(4), 667-687. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1391
  57. Mukherjee, J. (2004). Celebrity, media and politics: An Indian perspective. Parliamentary Affairs, 57(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsh007
  58. National Democratic Institute. (2018). Lebanon 2018 parliamentary elections final report. National Democratic Institute.https://www.ndi.org/publications/ndilebanon-2018-parliamentary-elections-international-observation-mission-finalreport
  59. Newman, B. I., & Sheth, J. N. (1985). A model of primary voter behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(2), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/208506
  60. Ni, M. Y., Kim, Y., McDowell, I., Wong, S., Qiu, H., Wong, I. O., Galea, S., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Mental health during and after protests, riots and revolutions: A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 232-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419899165
  61. Norris, P. (2004). Electoral engineering: Voting rules and political behavior: Cambridge University Press.
  62. Novak, M. (2021). Freedom in contention: Social movements and liberal political economy. Rowman & Littlefield.
  63. Oberecker, E. M., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2011). Consumers' emotional bonds with foreign countries: Does consumer affinity affect behavioral intentions? Journal of International Marketing, 19(2), 45-72. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.19.2.45
  64. Papic, M. (2020). Geopolitical alpha: An investment framework for predicting the future. John Wiley & Sons.
  65. Pasek, J., Tahk, A., Lelkes, Y., Krosnick, J. A., Payne, B. K., Akhtar, O., & Tompson, T. (2009). Determinants of turnout and candidate choice in the 2008 US presidential election: Illuminating the impact of racial prejudice and other considerations. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(5), 943-994. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfp079
  66. Pinkleton, B. (1997). The effects of negative comparative political advertising on candidate evaluations and advertising evaluations: An exploration. Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1997.10673515
  67. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  68. Pourazad, N., Stocchi, L., & Pare, V. (2019). Brand attribute associations, emotional consumer-brand relationship and evaluation of brand extensions. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(4), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.07.004
  69. Rambocas, M., & Arjoon, S. (2019). Brand equity in Caribbean financial services: The moderating role of service providers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(3), 642-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2019-0167
  70. Rambocas, M., Kirpalani, V. M., & Simms, E. (2014). Building brand equity in retail banks: The case of Trinidad and Tobago. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 32(4), 300-320. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2013-0136
  71. Rico, G., Guinjoan, M., & Anduiza, E. (2017). The emotional underpinnings of populism: How anger and fear affect populist attitudes. Swiss Political Science Review, 23(4), 444-461. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12261
  72. Sika, N. (2020). Contentious activism and political trust in non-democratic regimes: Evidence from the MENA. Democratization, 27(8), 1515-1532. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1813113
  73. Soper, D. (2015). A-priori sample size calculator for multiple regression [Software]. http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
  74. Statistics Lebanon, L. (2018). Election polling survey Lebanese youth segment. Konrad Adenauer Foundation.https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=56544a6f3b7d-b892-a4e9-fa6156f4f325&groupId=284382
  75. Stechova, M., & Hajek, R. (2015). Faithful confidants or fickle coat-changers? Audience's perceptions of celebrities in political campaigns before the first direct presidential election in the Czech Republic. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115577308
  76. Street, J. (2012). Do celebrity politics and celebrity politicians matter? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 14(3), 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00480.x
  77. Strumpf, K. S., & Phillippe, J. R. (1999). Estimating presidential elections: The importance of state fixed effects and the role of national versus local information. Economics & Politics, 11(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00052
  78. Thellefsen, T., & Sorensen, B. (2015). What brand associations are. Sign Systems Studies, 43(2/3), 191-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2015.43.2-3.03
  79. Van Gelder, S. (2005). Global brand strategy: Unlocking branding potential across countries, cultures & markets. Kogan Page Business Books.
  80. Van Steenburg, E., & Guzman, F. (2019). The influence of political candidate brands during the 2012 and 2016 US presidential elections. European Journal of Marketing, 53(12), 2629-2656. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-06-2018-0399
  81. Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., & Foucault, M. (2019). Fear, anger, and voting for the far right: Evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris terror attacks. Political Psychology, 40(4), 679-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513
  82. West, D. M., & Orman, J. M. (2003). Celebrity politics. Pearson
  83. Whelan, J., Goode, M. R., Cotte, J., & Thomson, M. (2016). Consumer regulation strategies: Attenuating the effect of consumer references in a voting context. Psychology & Marketing, 33(11), 899-916. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20927
  84. Wong, J. S., Ramakrishnan, S. K., Lee, T., Junn, J., & Wong, J. (2011). Asian American political participation: Emerging constituents and their political identities. Russell Sage Foundation.
  85. Yoon, K., Pinkleton, B. E., & Ko, W. (2005). Effects of negative political advertising on voting intention: An exploration of the roles of involvement and source credibility in the development of voter cynicism. Journal of Marketing Communications, 11(2), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/1352726042000315423
  86. Zanotelli, L. G., Mainardes, E. W., & Correia, R. D. (2020). Voter's perceptions on candidate choice for director of public educational institutions. Public Organization Review, 20(1), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-019-00439-3
  87. Zeglen, D., & Ewen, N. (2020). National populists: Right-wing celebrity politicians in contemporary Europe. Celebrity Studies, 11(3), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2020.1800665