Science of Emotion and Sensibility (감성과학)

Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility (한국감성과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Self-Awareness on Mental Health among Adolescents: Focusing on Life Satisfaction, Depression, and Anxiety

청소년의 자기인식이 정신건강에 미치는 영향: 삶의 만족, 우울, 불안을 중심으로

  • 조명현 (고려대학교 심리학부 4단계 BK21 심리학교육연구단)
  • Received : 2023.06.13
  • Accepted : 2023.07.13
  • Published : 2023.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study verifies the effect of self-awareness on life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety as mental health indicators. An online survey, including self-awareness, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety, was conducted on 300 adolescents, and the relationship between variables was observed through multiple regression analysis. As a result, adolescents' overall self-awareness significantly affected life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. Moreover, the effect of self-awareness was confirmed on mental health by dividing it into private, public, and situational self-awareness: life satisfaction was predicted by public and situational self-awareness, while depression and anxiety were predicted through private self-awareness. The result shows that adolescents' self-awareness generally affects their mental health; however, positive and negative emotional factors are differentially affected by different types of self-awareness. This study confirms the importance of self-awareness in the process of improving mental health and quality of life in adolescence.

본 연구는 자기인식이 정신건강 지표로서 삶의 만족과 우울, 불안에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 300명의 청소년을 대상으로 자기인식, 삶의 만족, 우울, 불안을 포함한 온라인 설문을 실시하였고, 다중회귀분석을 통해 변인 간 관계를 관찰해보았다. 연구 결과, 청소년의 전반적인 자기인식은 삶의 만족, 우울, 불안에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 또한 자기인식을 내적‧대인관계적‧환경적 자기인식의 세 차원으로 구분하여 정신건강에 미치는 효과를 확인한 결과, 삶의 만족은 대인관계적‧환경적 자기인식으로부터 예측된 반면, 우울과 불안은 내적 자기인식으로부터 예측되었다. 이 결과는 청소년의 자기인식이 전반적으로는 정신건강에 영향을 두루 미치지만, 긍정적‧부정적 정서요인은 자기인식의 유형에 따라 변별적으로 영향을 받는다는 점을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 청소년기에 정신건강을 증진하고 삶의 질을 높이는 과정에서 자기인식이 중요하다는 점을 구체적으로 확인할 수 있었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 경희대학교 비폭력연구소의 2023-2024 연구비 지원으로 이루어졌음.

References

  1. Antony, M. V. (2001). Is "consciousness" ambiguous? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(2), 19-44. 
  2. Arnett, J. J. (1999). Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered. American Psychologist, 54(5), 317-326.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.5.317
  3. Aron, A. (2003). Self and close relationships. In Leary M. R., Tangney J. P. (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 442-461). New York, NY: Guilford Press. 
  4. Bae, K. E., & Kim, E. H. (2007). Relationship of family strengths, family function, ego-identity and depression in adolescence. Child Health Nursing Research, 13(3), 357-366. 
  5. Batterhanm, P. J., & Christensen, H. (2012). Longitudinal risk profiling for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a community cohort using decision trees. Journal of Affective Disorder, 142(1), 306-314.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.021
  6. Beaman, A. L., Klentz, B., Diener, E., & Svanum, S. (1979). Self-awareness and transgression in children: Two field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1835-1846.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1835
  7. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
  8. Butler, R. M., Boden, M. T., Olino, T. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Emotional clarity and attention to emotions in cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 31-38.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.003
  9. Campbell, J., Assanand, S., & Di Paula, A. (2003). The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(1), 115-140.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00002
  10. Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141-156.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
  11. Chang, C-J, & Kim, H. (2019). The effects of depression and anxiety on children's suicidal ideation: Focus on mediating effect of self-esteem. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Research, 63, 169-191. 
  12. Cho, M. H., & An, D. (2022). The moderating effect of self-awareness on the relationship between Schadenfreude and Cyberbullying. Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issues, 28(4), 597-625. 
  13. Cho, M. H., Cho, E., & An, D. (2003). Exploring the moderating effect of big five personality traits on the relationship between alexithymia and depression. Science of Emotion and Sensibility, 26(1), 115-132. 
  14. Choi, H-S., Choi, J-H., Park, K-H., Joo, K-J., Ga, H., Koh, H-J., & Kim, S-R. (2007). Standardization of the Korean version of patient health questionnaire-9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 28(2), 114-119. 
  15. Choi, I. (2012). Effects of maternal parenting behavior on early adolescents' depression according to sex: Moderating effects of social support and negative emotional experience. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 19(1), 135-160. 
  16. Cohen, J. R., Andrews, A. R., Davis, M. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018). Anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence: Testing theoretical models of continuity and discontinuity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1295-1308.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0370-x
  17. Constantino, M. J., Wilson, K. R., Horowitz, L. M., & Pinel, E. C. (2006). The direct and stress-buffering effects of self-organization on psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(3), 333-360.  https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.3.333
  18. Diener, E. (1979). Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1160-1171.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.7.1160
  19. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653
  20. Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.  https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  21. Donahue, E. M., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., & John, O. P. (1993). The divided self: Concurrent and longitudinal effects of psychological adjustment and social roles on self-concept differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 834-846.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.834
  22. Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1973). Effects of objective self-awareness on attribution of causality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(73)90059-0
  23. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton. 
  24. Fava, M., Rankin, M. A., Wright, E. C., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., Pava, J., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2000). Anxiety disorders in major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(2), 97-102.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90140-8
  25. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522-527.  https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076760
  26. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319.  https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300
  27. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
  28. Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought- action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000238
  29. Garber, J., & Weersing, V. R. (2010). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: implications for treatment and prevention. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(4), 293-306.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x
  30. Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Issues in paradigm building. In C .Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace (pp. 13-26). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Press. 
  31. Govern, J. M., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Development and validation of the situational self-awareness scale. Consciousness and Cognition, 10(3), 366-378.  https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.2001.0506
  32. Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Emotion-focused therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 11(1), 3-16. 
  33. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
  34. Guney, S. (2009). Life satisfaction of university students in Turkey. In 1st world positive psychology conference, Pennsylvania, 18-23.
  35. Guney, S., Kalafat, T., & Boysan, M. (2010). Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, anxiety and depression: A preventive mental health study in Ankara University students population. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1210-1213.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.174
  36. Harrington, R., & Loffredo, D. A. (2010). Insight, rumination, and self-reflection as predictors of well-being. The Journal of psychology, 145(1), 39-57.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.528072
  37. Headey, B., Kelley, J., & Wearing, A. (1993). Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety and depression. Social indicators Research, 29, 63-82.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01136197
  38. Heo, J. (2014). The effects of nunchi on SWB and interpersonal relationship. Korean Journal of Counseling, 15(3), 1067-1084.  https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.15.3.201406.1067
  39. Heo, J-H., & Park, W-J. (2013). Development and Validation of Nunchi scale. Korean Journal of Counseling, 14(6), 3537-3555.  https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.14.6.201312.3537
  40. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
  41. Horstmanshof, L., Punch, R., & Creed, P. A. (2008). Environmental correlates of wellbeing among final- year high school students. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60(2), 101-111.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530701477746
  42. Huebner, E. S. (2004). Research on assessment of life satisfaction of children and adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 66(1), 3-33.  https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000007497.57754.e3
  43. Kanwar, A., Malik, S., Prokop, L. J., Sim, L. A., Feldstein, D., Wang, Z., & Murad, M. H. (2013). The association between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30(10), 917-929. 
  44. Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford. 
  45. Kim, H-J, & Ko, Y-G. (2012). The two-factor model of mental health: In a clinical population. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 17(4), 1087-1096.  https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2012.17.4.018
  46. Kim, J., & Yoo, A-J. (2005). Depression and loneliness of adolescents from intact and divorced families: The mediating effects of parental and peer attachment. The Korean Journal of Human Development, 12(4), 159-176. 
  47. Kim, N., Kim, D., & Lee, K-H. (2013). The moderating effect of self-growth initiative on the relationship between self-concept certainty and career decision making. 2013 annual conference of Korean Psychological Association. 1, 424. 
  48. Kim, Y-J., & Chung, N-W. (2016). The mediating effect of acceptance on the relationship between emotional clarity and social interaction anxiety in college students. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 21(2), 395-409.  https://doi.org/10.17315/KJHP.2016.21.2.006
  49. Ko, S. H., & Kang, S. K. (2014). The influence depression and anxiety of high school students on school violence: Focusing on mediation effects of anger. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16(4), 149-172. 
  50. Koo, J., & Suh, E. M. (2012). Happiness predicts objective academic performance. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 26(2), 35-50. 
  51. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (2020). 제16차(2020년) 청소년건강행태조사 통계. Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. 
  52. Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 924-938.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208315938
  53. Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum. 
  54. Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Rational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T.. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 37-67). New York: Oxford University Press. 
  55. Lei, M., & Lomax, R. G. (2005). The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 12(1), 1-27.  https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1201_1
  56. Lee, E-H. (2011). The impact of insecure attachment and ego identity on career indecision in college students. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 16(2), 401-425. https://doi.org/10.17315/KJHP.2011.16.2.010
  57. Lee, J-M., & Park, H. (2017). Development and validation of the self-awareness scale (SAS). Korean Journal of Counseling, 18(5), 21-40. 
  58. Lee, M., & Larson, R. (2000). The Korean 'examination hell': Long hours of studying, distress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 249-271.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005160717081
  59. Li, S., Zhang, B., Guo, Y., & Zhang, J. (2015). The association between alexithymia as assessed by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia scale and depression: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Pesearch, 227(1), 1-9. 
  60. McConnell A. R. (2011). The multiple self-aspects framework: Self-concept representation, and its implications. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 3-27.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310371101
  61. McFarland, C., & Buehler, R. (1997). Negative affective states and the motivated retrieval of positive life events: The role of affect acknowledgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 200-214.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.200
  62. Morin, A., & Everett, J. (1990). Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: An hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, 8(3), 337-356.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0732-118X(94)90020-5
  63. National Institute of Korean Language (1999). Standard Korean Language Dictionary (표준국어대사전). Seoul: National Institute of Korean Language. 
  64. Oh, D. K., & Kweon, S. Y. (2019). Causal relations among academic stress, career stress, anxiety, impulsivity, depression, suicide idea of adolescent. Journal of Future Oriental Youth Society, 16(4), 29-45. 
  65. Panayiotou, G., Leonidou, C., Constantinou, E., & Michaelides, M. P. (2020). Self-Awareness in alexithymia and associations with social anxiety. Current Psychology, 39, 1600-1609.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9855-1
  66. Park, S. W., & Park, Y. (2019). Materialism mediates the Relation between identity uncertainty and low psychological well-being. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 33(2), 1-21. 
  67. Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2007). Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 263-284). New York: Oxford University Press. 
  68. Penner, L. A., Guevarra, D. A., Harper, F. W., Taub, J., Phipps, S., Albrecht, T. L., & Kross, E. (2016). Self-distancing buffers high trait anxious pediatric cancer caregivers against short-and longer-term distress. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 629-640.  https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615602864
  69. Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A., & Mavroveli, S. (2007). Trait emotional intelligence: Moving forward in the field of EI. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), The science of emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns (pp 151-166). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 
  70. Phemister, A. A., & Crewe, N. M. (2004). Objective self-awareness and stigma: Implications for persons with visible disabilities. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 70(2), 33-38. 
  71. Proctor, C., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2010). Very happy youths: Benefits of very high life satisfaction among adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 98(3), 519-532.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9562-2
  72. Renshaw, T. L., & Cohen, A. S. (2014). Life satisfaction as a distinguishing indicator of college student functioning: Further validation of the two-continua model of mental health. Social Indicators Research, 117, 319-334.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0342-7
  73. Richards, K., Campenni, C., & Muse-Burke, J. (2010). Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(3), 247-264. 
  74. Robertson, S. (2019). Korean Nunchi and well-being. Science, Religion and Culture, 6(1), 103-109.  https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.src/2019.6.1.103.109
  75. Saariaho, A. S., Saariaho, T. H., Mattila, A. K., Karukivi, M. R., & Joukamaa, M. I. (2013). Alexithymia and depression in a chronic pain patient sample. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35(3), 239-245. 
  76. Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125-154). Washington D.C.: APA. 
  77. Seo, C-W., & Min, Y-K. (2007). Psychology in Life (생활속의 심리학). Seoul: Sigma Press. 
  78. Seo, J-G. (2015). Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. 
  79. Shin, M-H., & Koo, J. (2010). The relationship between happiness and creativity: Happy persons are more creative. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 24(3), 37-51. 
  80. Shin, M. J., & Ha, E. H. (2010). The mediating effects of negative cognition in the relationships between mothers' overprotective parenting attitudes and adolescents anxiety. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 22(2), 459-477. 
  81. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  82. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. JAMA, 282(18), 1737-1744.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
  83. Statistics Korea (2022a). Child and Youth Quality of Life 2022 (아동.청소년 삶의 질 2022). Daejeon: Statistics Korea. 
  84. Statistics Korea (2022b). Korean Social Trends 2022. Daejeon: Statistics Korea. 
  85. Suldo, S. M., & Shaffer, E. J. (2008). Looking beyond psychopathology: The dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psychology Review, 37(1), 52-68.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2008.12087908
  86. Summerfeldt, L. J., Kloosterman, P. H., Antony, M. M., & Parker, J. D. (2006). Social anxiety, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal adjustment. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(1), 57-68.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-4542-1
  87. Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2004). New trends in alexithymia research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73(2), 68-77.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000075537
  88. Tice D. M., & Baumeister R. F. (2001). The primacy of the interpersonal self. In Sedikides C., Brewer M. B. (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, collective self (pp. 71-88). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. 
  89. Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
  90. Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161-1190.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
  91. Vallacher, R. R., & Nowak, A. (2000). Landscapes of self-reflection: Mapping the peaks and valleys of personal assessment. In A. Tessor, R. Felson, & J. Suls (Eds.), Psycholologial perspectives on self and identity (pp. 35-66). Washington DC: American Psychology Association. 
  92. van Bommel, M., van Prooijen, J., Elffers, H., & van Lange, P. A. M. (2014). Intervene to be seen: The power of a camera in attenuating the bystander effect. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 459-466.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613507958
  93. Wicklund, R. A. (1975). Objective self-awareness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 233-275). New York: Academic Press. 
  94. Wilson, T., & Gilbert, D. (2008). Explaining away: A model of affective adaptation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 370-386.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00085.x
  95. Won, K-R., & Lee, H-J. (2019). Academic stress and suicidal ideation: The mediating effects of school connectedness, depression and anxiety in adolescents. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 26(9), 79-104. 
  96. Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. C. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. 
  97. Yang, M-J., Lee, E-K., & Lee, H-W. (2006). A study on psychosocial characteristics, environmental variables and mental health variables of adolescent. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 14(1), 63-76. 
  98. Yoon, S., & Chae, G. (2016). The mediating effects of self-encouragement on the relationship between academic stress and mental health problem among adolescents. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 23(12), 1-24. 
  99. Zho, M-H., & Cha, K. (1998). Cross-country comparisons on quality of life (삶의 질에 대한 국가간 비교). Seoul: Jipmoondang.