Korean Journal of Veterinary Service (한국동물위생학회지)

The Korean Society of Veterinary Service (한국동물위생학회)
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Evaluation of virulence reversion of an attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine strain by serial passages in suckling piglets

  • Da-Jeong Kim (College of Vetrinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Seung-Chai Kim (College of Vetrinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Hwan-Ju Kim (College of Vetrinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Gyeong-Seo Park (College of Vetrinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Sang Chul Kang (Optipharm Inc.) ;
  • Won-Il Kim (College of Vetrinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University)
  • Received : 2023.06.05
  • Accepted : 2023.09.15
  • Published : 2023.09.30
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Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea is an infectious intestinal disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Especially, when suckling piglets are infected, the mortality rate is close to 100%. PEDV is classified into G1 and G2 types based on genetic differences. The G2 type PEDV outbreak in the United States in 2013 was highly pathogenic and contagious, and it has spread worldwide and caused continuous economic losses. Most commercial vaccines used are G1 type vaccines, and existing vaccines do not fully protect piglets due to genetic differences. In this study, we evaluated the safety of the newly developed G2 type attenuated HSGP vaccine strain by inoculating it into piglets and testing whether the vaccine virus spreads to the non-vaccinated, negative pigs and whether the vaccine reverts to its virulence during serial passage experiments. Each experiment lasted for 7 days for each passage, and fecal viral titers, clinical symptoms, and weight gain were measured daily. After the experiment, necropsy was performed to measure intestinal virus titer and pathological evaluation. As a result of the first passage, no transmission of the vaccine virus to negative pigs co-housed with vaccinated pigs was observed. In addition, after four consecutive passage experiments, the clinical symptoms and small intestine lesions were gradually alleviated, and no virus was detected in the feces in the fourth passage experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that the vaccine was safe without virulence reversion in accordance with the guidelines of the current licensing authority. However, further studies are needed on the genetic changes and biological characteristics of the mutant virus that occur during successive passages of the attenuated vaccine since the replication and clinical symptoms of the virus increased until the third passage during successive passages of the vaccine virus. Based on this study, it was concluded that virulence reversion and safety evaluation of attenuated vaccines through serial passage in target animals can be useful to evaluate the safety of attenuated viruses.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET) through the Animal Disease Management Technology Advancement Programs (122005-02) funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fodd and Rural Affair (MAFRA) in the Republic of Korea.

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