Journal of Korea Trade

Korea Trade Research Association (한국무역학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention of EVs Among Korean and Chinese Consumers

  • Jian Cong (Department of International Trade, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Kyoung-Suk Choi (Department of International Trade, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Tongshui Xia (Business School, Shandong Normal University)
  • Received : 2023.05.07
  • Accepted : 2023.08.11
  • Published : 2023.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose - Using the Model of Goal-Directed Behavior (MGB), this study identifies the critical factors that influence consumer intention to purchase an electric vehicle (EV). This study also provides differentiated policy implications to the Korean and Chinese governments and EV-related companies for the expansion of the EV market in both countries by comparing consumers' perceptions of EV purchase intentions. Design/methodology - Our extended MGB model adds to the standard model consideration of financial incentives, perceived risks, and environmental concerns. An online survey was conducted of Korean and Chinese consumers. Based on the collected responses, all tested hypotheses were verified using PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling). Differences in the path analysis results between Korea and China were compared and verified using Henseler's MGA (multi-group analysis), the parametric test, and the Welch-Satterthwaite test. Findings - The most critical factor that influences the intent to purchase an EV in consumers from both countries is personal desire. PBC and SN were identified as the critical factors that respectively increase personal desire in Korea and China. In addition, in Korea, among the three factors EC, FIP, and PR, environmental concerns were found to have the most significant impact on attitudes and purchase intention. In contrast, in China, economic factors (specifically financial incentives) had greater importance than environmental issues. Originality/value - This study has academic contributions in that it presents a new research model that includes financial incentive policies, environmental concerns, and perceived risk variables based on the MGB to explore consumers' purchase intentions. This study can also make a practical contribution in that it provides some meaningful implications to the governments and EV-related companies of both countries based on the differences in the analysis results of the Korean and Chinese markets.

Keywords

References

  1. Ajzen, I. (1991), "The theory of planned behavior", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  2. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975), "A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes", Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 261-277.
  3. Axsen, J., Bailey, J., and Castro, M. A. (2015), "Preference and lifestyle heterogeneity among potential plug-in electric vehicle buyers", Energy Economics, 50, 190-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.05.003
  4. Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U. M. (2006), "Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities", International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23(1), 45-61.
  5. Bamberg, S. (2003), "How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question", Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00078-6
  6. Bisbe, J., Batista-Foguet, J. M., & Chenhall, R. (2007), "Defining management accounting constructs: A methodological note on the risks of conceptual misspecification", Accounting, organizations and society, 32(7-8), 789-820.
  7. Bockarjova, M., and Steg, L. (2014), "Can Protection Motivation Theory predict pro-environmental behavior? Explaining the adoption of electric vehicles in the Netherlands", Global Environ! mental Change, 28, 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.010
  8. Bong Ko, S., and Jin, B. (2017), "Predictors of purchase intention toward green apparel products: A cross-cultural investigation in the USA and China"! Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 21(1), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-07-2014-0057
  9. Carrus, G., Passafaro, P., and Bonnes, M. (2008), "Emotions, habits and rational choices in ecological behaviours: The case of recycling and use of public transportation", Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.09.003
  10. Carley, S., Krause, R. M., Lane, B. W., and Graham, J. D. (2013), "Intent to purchase a plug-in electric vehicle: A survey of early impressions in large US cites". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 18, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2012.09.007
  11. Chen, F.-Y. (2013), "The intention and determining factors for airline passengers' participation in carbon offset schemes", Journal of Air Transport Management, 29, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.01.001
  12. Chen, H., Phelan, K. V., and Jai, T.-M. (Catherine) (2016), "Gender Differences in Deal Hunting: What Motivates Consumers to Search and Book Hotel Deals?", Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 25(5), 613-639.
  13. Chin, W. W. (2010), "Bootstrap Cross-Validation Indices for PLS Path Model Assessment", In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 83-97). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  14. Chiu, W., Kim, T., and Won, D. (2018), "Predicting consumers' intention to purchase sporting goods online: An application of the model of goal-directed behavior", Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(2), 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2017-0028
  15. Chu, W., Im, M., Song, M. R., and Park, J. (2019), "Psychological and behavioral factors affecting electric vehicle adoption and satisfaction: A comparative study of early adopters in China and Korea," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 76, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.009
  16. Coffman, M., Bernstein, P., & Wee, S. (2017), "Electric vehicles revisited: A review of factors that affect adoption", Transport Reviews, 37(1), 79-93.
  17. Degirmenci, K., and Breitner, M. H. (2017), "Consumer purchase intentions for electric vehicles: Is green more important than price and range?", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 51, 250-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.01.001
  18. Diao, Q., Sun, W., Yuan, X., Li, L., and Zheng, Z. (2016), "Life-cycle private-cost-based competiti" veness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies", Applied Energy, 178, 567-578.
  19. Dutta, B., and Hwang, H. G. (2021). "Consumers purchase intentions of green electric vehicles: The influence of consumers technological and environmental considerations", Sustainability, 13(21), 12025.
  20. Dunn, M. G., Murphy, P. E., and Skelly, G. U. (1986), "Research note: The influence of perceived risk on brand preference for supermarket products", Journal of Retailing, 62(2), 204-216.
  21. Ellingsen, L. A.-W., Singh, B., & Stromman, A. H. (2016), "The size and range effect: Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles", Environmental Research Letters, 11(5), 054010.
  22. Featherman, M., Jia, S. (Jasper), Califf, C. B., and Hajli, N. (2021), "The impact of new technologies on consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 169, 120847.
  23. Featherman, M. S., and Pavlou, P. A. (2003), "Predicting e-services adoption: A perceived risk facets perspective", International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59(4), 451-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00111-3
  24. Federal EV Policy. Available online: http://www.ucsusa.org/resources/federal-ev-policy (accessed on 3 April 2022).
  25. Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981), "Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error", Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  26. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2016), A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
  27. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2011), "PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet", Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  28. Han, B., Kim, M., and Lee, J. (2018), "Exploring consumer attitudes and purchasing intentions of cross-border online shopping in Korea", Journal of Korea Trade, 22(2), 86-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKT-10-2017-0093
  29. Han, H., and Hwang, J. (2014), "Investigation of the volitional, non-volitional, emotional, motiva" tional and automatic processes in determining golfers' intention: Impact of screen golf", Inter! national Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 26(7), 1118-1135, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2013-0163
  30. Han, H., and Ryu, K. (2012), "The theory of repurchase decision-making (TRD): Identifying the critical factors in the post-purchase decision-making process", International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 786-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.015
  31. Hamzah, M. I., and Tanwir, N. S. (2021), "Do pro-environmental factors lead to purchase intention of hybrid vehicles? The moderating effects of environmental knowledge", Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123643.
  32. He, X., Zhan, W., and Hu, Y. (2018), "Consumer purchase intention of electric vehicles in China: The roles of perception and personality", Journal of Cleaner Production, 204, 1060-1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.260
  33. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sinkovics, R. R. (2009), The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics and P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), Advances in International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277-319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  34. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2015), "A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  35. Helveston, J. P., Liu, Y., Feit, E. M., Fuchs, E., Klampfl, E., and Michalek, J. J. (2015), "Will subsidies drive electric vehicle adoption? Measuring consumer preferences in the US and China", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 73, 96-112.
  36. Hidrue, M. K., Parsons, G. R., Kempton, W., and Gardner, M. P. (2011), "Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes", Resource and Energy Economics, 33(3), 686-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2011.02.002
  37. Hong, S., Park, J., and Jeon, S. (2020), "The Effects of Country-Of-Online Retailer on Consumer's Purchase Decision-Making in a Foreign Internet Shopping Mall", Journal of Korea Trade, 25(6), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2021.25.6.20
  38. Huang, L.-C., and Shiau, W.-L. (2017), "Factors affecting creativity in information system develop" ment: Insights from a decomposition and PLS-MGA", Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 496-520.
  39. Huang, X., and Ge, J. (2019), "Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention", Journal of Cleaner Production, 216, 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.231
  40. IEA, Global EV Outlook 2022. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad8fb04c4f75-42fc-973a-6e54c8a4449a/GlobalElectricVehicleOutlook2022.pdf (accessed on 17 June 2022).
  41. IEA, Global EV Outlook 2021. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ed5f4484-f556-4110-8c5c-4ede8bcba637/GlobalEVOutlook2021.pdf (accessed on 5 May 2022).
  42. International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, Available online: https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics/ (accessed on 23 March 2022).
  43. Jacob, C. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.
  44. Jain, N. K., Gajjar, H., and Shah, B. J. (2021), "Electronic logistics service quality and repurchase intention in e-tailing: Catalytic role of shopping satisfaction, payment options, gender and returning experience", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59, 102360.
  45. Jaiswal, D., Kaushal, V., Singh, P. K., and Biswas, A. (2020), "Green market segmentation and consumer profiling: A cluster approach to an emerging consumer market", Benchmarking: An International Journal, 28(3), 792-812. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-05-2020-0247
  46. Jensen, A. F., Cherchi, E., and Mabit, S. L. (2013), "On the stability of preferences and attitudes before and after experiencing an electric vehicle", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 25, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.07.006
  47. Ju, N. and Kim, H. S. (2022), "Electric vehicle resistance from Korean and American millennials: Environmental concerns and perception", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 109, 103387.
  48. Kang, A. S., Jayaraman, K., Soh, K.-L., & Wong, W. P. (2019), "Convenience, flexible service, and commute impedance as the predictors of drivers' intention to switch and behavioral readiness to use public transport", Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 62, 505-519.
  49. Kaplan, S., Gruber, J., Reinthaler, M., and Klauenberg, J. (2016), "Intentions to introduce electric vehicles in the commercial sector: A model based on the theory of planned behaviour", Research in Transportation Economics, 55, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.04.006
  50. Kim, E., and Heo, E. (2019), "Key Drivers behind the Adoption of Electric Vehicle in Korea: An Analysis of the Revealed Preferences", Sustainability, 11(23), 6854.
  51. Kim, M. J., Hall, C. M., Kwon, O., Sohn, K., and Kim, M. (2023), "The effects of individual and organizational interventions on space tourism: applying EMGB and fsQCA", Current Issues in Tourism, 26(9), 1389-1393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2176744
  52. Kim, M.-K., Oh, J., Park, J.-H., and Joo, C. (2018), "Perceived value and adoption intention for electric vehicles in Korea: Moderating effects of environmental traits and government supports", Energy, 159, 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.064
  53. Ko, H.-C. (2020), "Beyond Browsing: Motivations for Experiential Browsing and Goal-Directed Shopping Intentions on Social Commerce Websites", Journal of Internet Commerce, 19(2), 212-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2020.1747219
  54. Larson, P. D., Viafara, J., Parsons, R. V., and Elias, A. (2014), "Consumer attitudes about electric cars: Pricing analysis and policy implications", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 69, 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.09.002
  55. Lashari, Z. A., Ko, J., and Jang, J. (2021), "Consumers' intention to purchase electric vehicles: Influences of user attitude and perception", Sustainability, 13(12), 6778.
  56. Law, L., and Fong, N. (2020), "Applying partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLSSEM) in an investigation of undergraduate students' learning transfer of academic English", Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 46, 100884.
  57. Lee, C.-K., Song, H.-J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M.-J., and Han, H. (2012), "The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior", Tourism Management, 33(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.006
  58. Lee, G., and Xia, W. (2010), "Toward Agile: An Integrated Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Field Data on Software Development Agility", MIS Quarterly, 34(1), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.2307/20721416
  59. Li, L., Wang, Z., Chen, L., and Wang, Z. (2020), "Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 78, 102185.
  60. Li, W., Long, R., Chen, H., and Geng, J. (2017), "Household factors and adopting intention of battery electric vehicles: A multi-group structural equation model analysis among consumers in Jiangsu Province, China", Natural Hazards, 87(2), 945-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2803-9
  61. Li, W., Long, R., Chen, H., Yang, T., Geng, J., and Yang, M. (2018), "Effects of personal carbon trading on the decision to adopt battery electric vehicles: Analysis based on a choice experiment in Jiangsu, China", Applied Energy, 209, 478-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.119
  62. Li, X., Chen, P., and Wang, X. (2017), "Impacts of renewables and socioeconomic factors on electric vehicle demands - Panel data studies across 14 countries", Energy Policy, 109, 473-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.021
  63. Meng, B., and Choi, K. (2016), "The role of authenticity in forming slow tourists' intentions: Devel" oping an extended model of goal-directed behavior", Tourism Management, 57, 397-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.003
  64. Meng, B., and Han, H. (2016). "Effect of environmental perceptions on bicycle travelers' decision-making process: Developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior", Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(11), 1184-1197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2015.1129979
  65. Munzel, C., Plotz, P., Sprei, F., and Gnann, T. (2019), "How large is the effect of financial incentives on electric vehicle sales? - A global review and European analysis", Energy Economics, 84, 104493.
  66. Park, E., Lim, J., and Cho, Y. (2018), "Understanding the Emergence and Social Acceptance of Electric Vehicles as Next-Generation Models for the Automobile Industry", Sustainability, 10(3), 662.
  67. Park, M., Lee, M. J., and Roh, T. (2023), "Impact of Institutional and Business Distance on Subsidiary Performance: The Mediation of Subsidiary Entrepreneurship", Journal of Korea Trade, 27(2), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2023.27.2.77
  68. Perugini, M., and Bagozzi, R. P. (2001), "The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal-directed behaviours: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behaviour", British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164704
  69. Perugini, M., and Bagozzi, R. P. (2004), "The distinction between desires and intentions", European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.186
  70. Picarra, N., and Giger, J.-C. (2018), "Predicting intention to work with social robots at anticipation stage: Assessing the role of behavioral desire and anticipated emotions", Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 129-146.
  71. Qian, L., and Yin, J. (2017), "Linking Chinese cultural values and the adoption of electric vehicles: The mediating role of ethical evaluation", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 56, 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.029
  72. Rigdon, E. E. (2012), "Rethinking Partial Least Squares Path Modeling: In Praise of Simple Methods", Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.09.010
  73. Roh, T., Park, K.-S., Oh, Y., and Noh J. (2021), "How Shipping Company Satisfies Shippers Through Service Quality in South Korea: The Mediation Role of Trust", Journal of Korea Trade, 25(5), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2021.25.5.19
  74. Santos, G. (2017), "Road transport and CO2 emissions: What are the challenges?", Transport Policy, 59, 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.06.007
  75. Sarstedt, M., Henseler, J., and Ringle, C. M. (2011), "Multigroup analysis in partial least squares (PLS) path modeling: Alternative methods and empirical results", Adv Int Mark 2011; 22: 195-218. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2011)0000022012
  76. Schuitema, G., Anable, J., Skippon, S., and Kinnear, N. (2013), "The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 48, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.10.004
  77. Shalender, K., and Sharma, N. (2021), "Using extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict adoption intention of electric vehicles in India", Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(1), 665-681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00602-7
  78. Singh, V., Singh, V., and Vaibhav, S. (2020), "A review and simple meta-analysis of factors influencing adoption of electric vehicles", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102436.
  79. Smith, B., Olaru, D., Jabeen, F., and Greaves, S. (2017), "Electric vehicles adoption: Environmental enthusiast bias in discrete choice models", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 51, 290-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.01.008
  80. Song, H., You, G.-J., Reisinger, Y., Lee, C.-K., and Lee, S.-K. (2014), "Behavioral intention of visitors to an Oriental medicine festival: An extended model of goal directed behavior", Tourism Management, 42, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.11.003
  81. Song, M. R., Chu, W., and Im, M. (2022), "The effect of cultural and psychological characteristics on the purchase behavior and satisfaction of electric vehicles: A comparative study of US and China", International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(1), 345-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12684
  82. Sutton, S. (1998), "Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(15), 1317-1338. x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01679.x
  83. Taylor, S. A., Ishida, C., and Donovan, L. A. N. (2016), "Considering the Role of Affect and Anti" cipated Emotions in the Formation of Consumer Loyalty Intentions: TAYLOR, ISHIDA, AND DONOVAN", Psychology & Marketing, 33(10), 814-829.
  84. Taylor, S. A., Ishida, C., and Wallace, D. W. (2009), "Intention to Engage in Digital Piracy: A Concep" tual Model and Empirical Test", Journal of Service Research, 11(3), 246-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670508328924
  85. The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database. Available online: https://www.ev-volumes.com/ (accessed on 30 June 2022).
  86. Tu, J. C., and Yang, C. (2019), "Key Factors Influencing Consumers' Purchase of Electric Vehicles", Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
  87. Vafaei-Zadeh, A., Wong, T. K., Hanifah, H., Teoh, A. P., and Nawaser, K. (2022), "Modelling electric vehicle purchase intention among generation Y consumers in Malaysia", Research in Trans! portation Business & Management, 43, 100784.
  88. Wang, B., Li, J., Sun, A., Wang, Y., and Wu, D. (2019a), "Residents' Green Purchasing Intentions in a Developing-Country Context: Integrating PLS-SEM and MGA Methods", Sustainability, 12(1), 30.
  89. Wang, N., Tang, L., Zhang, W., and Guo, J. (2019b), "How to face the challenges caused by the abolishment of subsidies for electric vehicles in China?", Energy, 166, 359-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.006
  90. Wang, S., Fan, J., Zhao, D., Yang, S., and Fu, Y. (2016), "Predicting consumers' intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles: Using an extended version of the theory of planned behavior model", Transportation, 43(1), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9567-9
  91. Wang, S., Li, J., and Zhao, D. (2017), "The impact of policy measures on consumer intention to adopt electric vehicles: Evidence from China", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 105, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.08.013
  92. Wang, S., Wang, J., Li, J., Wang, J., and Liang, L. (2018), "Policy implications for promoting the adoption of electric vehicles: Do consumer's knowledge, perceived risk and financial incentive policy matter?", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 117, 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.12.003
  93. Wang, X.-W., Cao, Y.-M., and Zhang, N. (2021), "The influences of incentive policy perceptions and consumer social attributes on battery electric vehicle purchase intentions", Energy Policy, 151, 112163.
  94. Welch, B. L. (1947), "The generalization of "STUDENT'S" problem when several different popula" tion variances are involved", Biometrika, 34, 28-35.
  95. White, L. V., and Sintov, N. D. (2017), "You are what you drive: Environmentalist and social innovator symbolism drives electric vehicle adoption intentions", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 99, 94-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.008
  96. Will, C., and Schuller, A. (2016), "Understanding user acceptance factors of electric vehicle smart charging", Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 71, 198-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.07.006
  97. Wu, J., Liao, H., Wang, J.-W., and Chen, T. (2019), "The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: A survey from China", Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 60, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.029
  98. Yang, C., Tu, J.-C., and Jiang, Q. (2020), "The Influential Factors of Consumers' Sustainable Consumption: A Case on Electric Vehicles in China", Sustainability, 12(8), 3496.
  99. Ye, F., Kang, W., Li, L., and Wang, Z. (2021), "Why do consumers choose to buy electric vehicles? A paired data analysis of purchase intention configurations", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 147, 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.02.014
  100. Yeung, S. P.-M. (2004), "Teaching Approaches in Geography and Students? Environmental Atti" tudes", The Environmentalist, 24(2), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-004-4801-1
  101. Yim, B. H., and Byon, K. K. (2021), "Validation of the Sport Fan Model of Goal-Directed Behavior: Comparison to Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Model of Goal-Directed Behavior", Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(4), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1765699
  102. Zhang, X., Bai, X., and Zhong, H. (2018), "Electric vehicle adoption in license plate-controlled big cities: Evidence from Beijing", Journal of Cleaner Production, 202, 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.265