Journal of Information Technology Services (한국IT서비스학회지)

Korea Society of IT Services (한국IT서비스학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Legal and Institutional Issues and Improvements for the Adoption and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in Government Services

정부서비스에서의 인공지능 도입 및 활용을 위한 법제도적 쟁점과 개선과제

  • 김법연 (고려대학교 정보보호대학원)
  • Received : 2023.07.06
  • Accepted : 2023.08.21
  • Published : 2023.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Expectations for artificial intelligence technology are increasing, and its utility value is growing, leading to active use in the public sector. The use of artificial intelligence technology in the public sector has a positive impact on aspects such as improving public work efficiency and service quality, enhancing transparency and reliability, and contributing to the development of technology and industries. For these reasons, major countries including Korea are actively developing and using artificial intelligence in the public sector. However, artificial intelligence also presents issues such as bias, inequality, and infringement of individuals' right to self-determination, which are evident even in its utilization in the public sector. Especially the use of artificial intelligence technology in the public sector has significant societal implications, as well as direct implications on limiting and infringing upon the rights of citizens. Therefore, careful consideration is necessary in the introduction and utilization of such technology. This paper comprehensively examines the legal issues that require consideration regarding the introduction of artificial intelligence in the public sector. Methodological discussions that can minimize the risks that may arise from artificial intelligence and maximize the utility of technology were proposed in each process and step of introduction.

Keywords

References

  1. 개인정보보호위원회 보도자료, "개인정보위, '이루다' 개발사 (주)스캐터랩에 과징금․과태료 등 제재 처분", 2021.04.28. 
  2. 권은정, "자동적 처분의 행정법적 제 문제: 처분의 형식․절차 및 구제에 관한 쟁점을 중심으로", 법학논총, 제38권 제3호, 2021, 89-114. 
  3. 김기호, "IT행정에서 자동화행정행위에 관한 일반적 고찰", 토지공법연구, 제87호, 2019, 607-640. 
  4. 김유리, "'국제거래 증여세 판정 알고리즘 개발' 중부 국세청 김주연 조사관, 감사원장 표창", 한국세정신문, 2023.01.11., Available at http://www.taxtimes.co.kr/news/article.html?no=258013 (Accessed Jun 28, 2023). 
  5. 대통령직속 디지털플랫폼정부위원회, 디지털플랫폼 정부 실현계획, 2023.04.14. 
  6. 대한민국 정책브리핑, "디지털플랫폼정부위원회 출범식 주요내용", 2022.09.02., Available at: https://www.korea.kr/news/policyBriefingView.do?newsId=156524024(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  7. 대한민국 정책브리핑, "생활정보 알려주는 국민비서 '구삐' 가입자 1500만 명 돌파", 2022.10.18.자 보도, Available at: https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148907093(Accessed June 28, 2023). 
  8. 동아일보, "AI로 학폭 감지해 신고"....사생활 침해-유출 우려", 2023.05.10., Available at: https://www.donga.com/news/Society/article/all/20230510/119216520/1(Accessed June 28, 2023).
  9. 박건철, 황보건우, 인공지능기반 서울시정 혁신 방안, 서울디지털재단, 2017, 26. 
  10. 박훈민, "전자정부와 자동화된 행정결정에 대한 법도그마틱상 검토필요성: 독일과 네덜란드에서의 법제와 논의를 중심으로 한 시론", 행정법연구, 제52호, 2018, 57-77. 
  11. 백인수, "2030 시나리오를 통해본 일하는 방식의 변화 방향과 시사점", IT & Future Strategy, 제1호, 2018. 
  12. 안준모, "인공지능을 통한 행정의 고도화: 기회와 도전", 한국행정연구, 제30권, 제2호, 2021, 11-16. 
  13. 연합뉴스, "인공지능 세뇌의 위험...MS 채팅봇 '테이' 차별발언으로 운영중단(종합2보)", 2016.03.25.자 보도, Available at: https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20160325010151091(Accessed June 20, 2023). 
  14. 윤상오, 이은미, 성욱준, "인공지능을 활용한 정책결정의 유형과 쟁점에 관한 시론", 한국지역정보화학회지, 제21권, 제1호, 2018, 36-52. 
  15. 윤혜선, "인공지능의 사회적 수용성과 법제도의 기능적 관계에 관한 소고", 경제규제와 법, 제14권 제1호, 2021, 39. 
  16. 이재호, 정소윤, 강정석, "인공지능 기술의 행정분야 활용에 관한 탐색적 연구", 한국행정연구원, 2019, 53. 
  17. 이재호, 최호진, "정보기술(IT) 패러다임 변화에 대응한 국가정보화 조직 재설계", 한국행정연구원, 2017, 75-76. 
  18. 이중원, "인공지능과 민주주의", 철학과 현실, 제123호, 철학문화연구소, 2019, 129. 
  19. 이희옥, "인공지능 의사결정에 대응한 자기결정권의 보장", 헌법학연구, 제27권 제1호, 2021, 36. 
  20. 정남철, "인공지능 시대의 도래와 디지털화에 따른 행정자동결정의 법적 쟁점: 특히 행정기본법상 자동적 처분의 문제점을 중심으로", 공법연구, 제50집 제2호, 2021, 231-252. 
  21. 정충식, 전자정부론 전면개정판, 서울경제경영, 2018, 7-8. 
  22. 정해식, "안면인식 도입 확산과 국내 활성화 방안 모색: 중국의 안면인식 도입 사례를 중심으로", ICT SPOT ISSUE, 2019-3호, 2019. 
  23. 조달정보개방포털, "전체 공공조달 현황", 2022.12.기준, Available at: https://data.g2b.go.kr:1443/pt/statdata/moveTotlPubPrcrmntStatsPop.do(Accessed Jun 26, 2023). 
  24. 조달청, 2021 공공조달 통계연보 , 2022, 19. 
  25. 조세현 외, "디지털플랫폼정부 운영을 위한 데이터기반행정의 이슈 및 쟁점", KIPA Issue Paper, 통권 117호, 2022, 9-11. 
  26. 조소영, "인공지능과 민주주의", 공법연구, 제49집 제2호, 2020, 161. 
  27. 한국군사문제연구원, "미국방부 󰡔합동인공지능센터󰡕 운용 개념과 내용", 한국군사문제연구원 뉴스레터, 제688호, 2020, 1면. 
  28. 한국지능정보사회진흥원, "디지털 플랫폼 정부의 개념과 특징", IT & Future Strategy, 제7호, 2022, 4-8. 
  29. 행정안전부 보도자료, "국제연합(UN), 2022년 유엔 전자정부평가 발표", 2022.09.29. 
  30. 홍석한, "민주주의에 대한 인공지능의 위험과 규범적 대응 방안", 헌법학연구, 제28권 제1호, 2022, 137. 
  31. 황종성, "인공지능시대의 정부: 인공지능이 어떻게 정부를 변화시킬 것인가?", IT & Future Strategy, 제3호, 2017. 
  32. Acemoglu, D. and P. Restrepo, "Tasks, automation, and the rise in US wage inequality", National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021, 1. 
  33. Ada Lovelace Institute, "Algorithmic impact assessment: A case study in healthcare", 2022, 14-15. 
  34. AlloCovid, "AlloCovid: A voice assistant to detect and guide Covid-19 patients", Available at: https://labo.societenumerique.gouv.fr/en/articles/allocovid-a-vocal-assistant-to-detect-and-refer-covid-patients-19/(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  35. Asian Development Bank and AWS Institute, "Data Management Policies and Practices in Government", 2022, 6-7. 
  36. Barry J. Coatesworth, "Unpacking the Cybersecurity Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI)", Linkedin, Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/unpacking-cybersecurity-risks-artificial-intelligence-coatesworth(Accessed June 28, 2023). 
  37. BBC News, "AI emotion-detection software tested on Uyghurs", 2021.05.26., Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-57101248(Accessed June 27, 2023). 
  38. BBC News, "Clearview AI fined in UK for illegally storing facial images", 2022.05.23., Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology61550776(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  39. Bekkum, M.V. and F.Z. Borgesius, "Digital welfare fraud detection and the dutch SyRI judgment", European Journal of Social Security, Vol.23 No.4, 2021. 
  40. Brownsword, R., "Technological management and the rule of law", Law Innovation Technology, Vol.8, No.1, 2016, 102. 
  41. Capgemini Consulting, Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector, 2017, 4-5. 
  42. Central Digital and Data Office, "Data Ethics Framework", Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/data-ethics-framework/data-ethics-framework-2020 (Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  43. Chosun Biz, "네이버․카카오서 SRT 승차권․휴양림 예약... 디플정, 국민체감 과제에 1500억 투입", 2022.12.15.자 보도, Available at: https://biz.chosun.com/it-science/ict/2022/12/15/TXKIBOZ5ZBEAHFWMOXKVMM7C3U/ (Accessed June 28, 2023). 
  44. Cloudfactory, "The ultimate guide to data labeling for machine learning", Available at: https://www.cloudfactory.com/data-labeling-guide (Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  45. CSET, "Hacking Poses Risks for Artificial Intelligence", 2022.3.1., Available at: https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/hacking-poses-risks-for-artificial-intelligence/(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  46. Helbing, D., B.S. Frey, G. Gigerenzer, E. Hafen, M. Hagner, Y. Hofstetter, J. van den Hoven, R.V. Zicari, and A, Zwitter, "Will Democracy Survive Big Data and Artificial Intelligence?", 2017.02.25., Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/willdemocracy-survive-big-data-and-artificial-intelligence/(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  47. EDPB, "Facial recognition: Italian SA fines Clearview AI EUR 20 million", 2022.02.10., Available at: https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2022/facial-recognition-italian-sa-fines-clearview-ai-eur-20-million_en(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  48. Engstrom, D. F., D. H. Ho, C. M. Sharkey, and M. F. Cuellar, "Government by algorithm: Artificial intelligence in federal administrative agencies", Report Submitted to the Administrative Conference of the United States, 2020, 10. 
  49. European Commission, "Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (ALTAI) for self-assessment", 2020.07.17., Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/assessment-list-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-altai-self-assessment(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  50. European Commission․European Union, "SyRi - Detect welfare fraud", AI Watch - Artificial Intelligence in public services. Overview of the use and impact of AI in public services in the EU, Available at https://ai-watch.github.io/AI-watch-T6-X/service/90085.html(Accessed June 28, 2023). 
  51. Firebird, "Predicting Fire Risk and Prioritizing Fire Inspections", Available at http://firebird.gatech.edu/(Accessed June 28, 2023). 
  52. Floridi, L., J. Cowls, M. Beltrametti, R. Chatila, P. Chazerand, M.V. Dignum, C. Luetge, R. Madelin, and U. Pagallo, "AI4People-An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations", Minds and Machines, Vol.28, 2018, 706. 
  53. Forbes, "Google Photos Tags Two African-Americans As Gorillas Through Facial Recognition Soft ware", Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/mzhang/2015/07/01/google-photos-tags-two-african-americans-as-gorillas-through-facial-recognition-software/?sh=50282404713d(Accessed Jun 26, 2023). 
  54. Buchholtz, G., "Artificial Intelligence and Legal Tech: Challenges to the Rule of Law", in Thomas Wischmeyer․Timo Rademacher (editors), Regulating Artificial Intelligence, Springer, 2020, 186. 
  55. Gartner, "Gartner Says Government Organizations Are Increasing Investment in AI, But Their Workforce Remains Apprehensive", 2021.10.05., Available at: https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-10-05-gartner-says-government-organizations-are-increasing(Accessed June 28, 2023).
  56. Government of Spain, "El Gobierno acuerda la sede de la Agencia Espacial Espanola en Sevilla y la sede de la Agencia Espanola de Supervision de la Inteligencia Artificial en A Coruna", 2022.12.05. Available at: https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/comunicacion/Paginas/Decisi%C3%B3n-SedeAgencias.aspx(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  57. IT Chosun, "공항 얼굴인식 시스템 데이터 오남용 논란 속 법무부는 침묵", 2021.11.16., Available at: https://it.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/11/15/2021111501734.html(Accessed June 26, 2023). 
  58. IT Modernization Centers of Excellence, Available at: https://coe.gsa.gov/coe/ai-guide-for-government/introduction/index.html(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  59. Jones, K., "AI governance and human rights: Resetting the relationship", Chatham House, 2023, 51. 
  60. Larson, J., S. Mattu, L. Kirchner, and J. Angwin, "How we analyzed the COMPAS recidivism algorithm", 2016.05.23., Available at: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm (Accessed June 27, 2023). 
  61. Manheim, K. and L. Kaplan, "Artificial intelligence: Risks to privacy and democracy", Yale Journal of Law and Technology, Vol.21, 2019, 111. 
  62. MBC뉴스, "CCTV만 5억대..중국, 인공지능이 공산당 충성심도 평가", 2022.07.11., Available at: https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2022/nwdesk/article/6387130_35744.html(Accessed June 27, 2023). 
  63. Misuraca, G., "AI Watch Artificial Intelligence in public services, Overview of the use and impact of AI in public services in the EU", Science for Policy Report, 2020, 25. 
  64. National Audit Office, "Departments' oversight of arm's length bodies: A comparative study", Available at: https://www.nao.org.uk/reports/departments-oversight-of-arms-length-bodies-a-comparative-study/(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  65. OECD AI Policy Observatory, "National AI policies & strategies", Available at: https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/overview(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  66. OECD, "The e-Government Imperative", 2003, 23. 
  67. Pablo Jimenez Arandia, "What to expect from Europe's first AI oversight agency", Algorithm Watch, Available at: https://algorithmwatch.org/en/what-to-expect-from-europesfirst-ai-oversight-agency/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email(Accessed Jun 29, 2023). 
  68. RPA Technologies, "霞が関でも始まったBizRobo!の活用。デジタル化による生産性向上を自ら実践する", Available at: https://rpa-technologies.com/case/case021/(Accessed June 28, 2023).
  69. Stanford University Human-Cetered Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2023, 2023, 288. 
  70. Stanley Greenstein, "Preserving the rule of law in the era of artificial intelligence (AI)", Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol.30, 2022, 317. 
  71. THE CONVERSATION, "Canada should be transparent in how it uses AI to screen immigrants", 2021.04.28., Available at: https://theconversation.com/canada-should-be-transparent-in-how-it-uses-ai-to-screen-im migrants-157841(Accessed June 28, 2023). 
  72. The Guardian, "Google's solution to accidental algorithmic racism: Ban gorillas", Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/12/google-racism-ban-gorilla-black-people(Accessed June 26, 2023). 
  73. The Register, "Amazon puts 'creepy' AI cameras in UK delivery vans", 2022.05.24., Available at: https://www.theregister.com/2022/05/24/ai_cameras_amazon/(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  74. The Register, "Techniques to fool AI with hidden triggers are outpacing defenses - study", 2022.02.25., Available at: https://www.theregister.com/2022/02/25/dnn-trojan-attacks/ (Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  75. U.K. Ministry of Defence, "Defence data management strategy", 2020.03.27., Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/defence-data-management-strategy (Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  76. U.K. Ministry of Defence, "The Defence AI Centre", 2022.07.31., Available at: https://defencedigital.blog.gov.uk/2022/07/31/the-defence-ai-centre/(Accessed May 07, 2023). 
  77. U.S. Department of Defense, "DoD Digital Modernization Strategy: DoD Information Resource Management Strategic Plan FY 19-23", 2019, 15. 
  78. U.S. White House, "Executive Order 13960: Promoting the Use of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in the Federal Government", 2020.12.03., Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/12/08/2020-27065/promoting-the-use-of-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-in-the-federal-government(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  79. UNESCO, "Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence", 2021, 10, Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380455(Accessed June 29, 2023). 
  80. United Nations, "UN E-Government Survey", Available at: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  81. Weaver, J. F., "The federal government and trustworthy AI", The Journal of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & Law, Vol.4 No.3, 2021, 231. 
  82. World Economic Forum, "5 challenges for government adoption of AI", 2019.08.16., Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/artificial-intelligence-government-public-sector/(Accessed June 25, 2023). 
  83. World Economic Forum, The Future of jobs Report 2018, 2018, 8. 
  84. World Economic Forum, The Future of Jobs Report 2020, 2020.10, 29. 
  85. ZDNet Korea, "尹 "디지털플랫폼정부, 전자정부 업그레이드 아닌 차원이 완전히 다른 것"", 2023.04.14., Available at: https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20230414131701(Accessed June 29, 2023).