Economic and Environmental Geology (자원환경지질)

The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental Geology (대한자원환경지질학회)
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A Provenance Study of Iron Archaeological Sites in the Gyeongsang Province: Petrographic and Geochemical Approaches

경상지역 제철유적의 산지추정 연구: 암석기재학 및 지화학적 접근

  • Jaeguk Jo (Department of Geoenvironmental Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Seojin Kim (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Jiseon Han (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Su Kyoung Kim (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Dongbok Shin (Department of Geoenvironmental Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Byeongmoon Kwak (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Juhyun Hong (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Byeongyong Yu (Department of Geoenvironmental Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Jinah Lim (Department of Geoenvironmental Sciences, Kongju National University)
  • 조재국 (공주대학교 지질환경과학과) ;
  • 김서진 (국립중원문화재연구소 ) ;
  • 한지선 (국립중원문화재연구소 ) ;
  • 김수경 (국립중원문화재연구소 ) ;
  • 신동복 (공주대학교 지질환경과학과) ;
  • 곽병문 (국립중원문화재연구소 ) ;
  • 홍주현 (국립중원문화재연구소 ) ;
  • 유병용 (공주대학교 지질환경과학과) ;
  • 임진아 (공주대학교 지질환경과학과)
  • Received : 2023.05.17
  • Accepted : 2023.07.06
  • Published : 2023.08.30
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Abstract

To infer the provenance of raw iron materials utilized in iron production at the archaeological sites in Gyeongsang province, petrographic and geochemical analyses were conducted for smelting samples and major iron ores sourced from ore deposits. The smelting samples excavated from various iron archaeological sites were classified into different types according to their refining processes, such as iron bloom, iron bloom slag, pig iron, pig iron slag, forging iron flake, smithery iron, iron flake, and arrowhead. These samples exhibited discernable differences in their mineralogical components and texture. The enrichments of major elements such as aluminum and calcium in silicate minerals of the residual slags and the high contents of trace elements such as nickel and copper in some iron-making relics reflect the characteristics of raw iron ores, and thus can be regarded as potential indicators for inferring the provenance of source materials. In particular, the compositional ranges of Pb-Sr isotope ratios for the iron smelting samples were classified into three categories: 1) those exhibiting similar ratios to those of the raw iron ores, 2) those enriched in strontium isotope ratio, and 3) those enriched in both lead and strontium isotope ratios. The observed distinct Pb-Sr isotope characteristics in the iron smelting samples suggest the potential contribution of specific additives being introduced during the high-temperature refining process. These results provide a new perspective on the interpretation of the provenance study of the iron archaeological samples in Gyeongsang province, particularly in terms of the potential contribution of additives on the refining process.

경상지역 제철유적의 원료산지 추정을 위해 제철시료와 주요 철광상 철광석을 대상으로 암석기재학 및 지화학적 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 각 지역에서 발굴된 제철유적 시료는 제련공정 단계에 따라 원료철광석, 괴련철, 괴련철슬래그, 선철, 선철슬래그, 단조박편, 단야철, 철정 및 화살촉으로 분류되었고 각각 상이한 구성광물과 조직을 보였다. 또한 슬래그를 구성하는 규산염광물에서의 알루미늄 및 칼슘 등의 주원소 성분의 농집과 제철유물에서 니켈 및 구리 등의 미량원소 함량이 높은 것은 원료철광석의 특성이 반영된 것으로 잠재적인 제철원료의 산지추정인자로 여겨진다. 특히 제철유적 시료의 납-스트론튬 동위원소비는 크게 1) 원료철광석과 유사한 조성을 보이는 경우, 2) 스트론튬 동위원소비가 부화된 경우, 그리고 3) 납-스트론튬 동위원소비 모두 부화된 경우로 구별되며 이러한 동위원소비 특성은 고온의 제련공정 과정에서 첨가된 특정 조재제와의 혼염 가능성을 시사한다. 이러한 결과는 첨가물이 제련과정에 미치는 잠재적인 기여 측면에서 경상지역 제철유적의 산지추정 해석에 새로운 시각을 제시한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 연구는 문화재청 국립중원문화재연구소 문화유산조사연구(R&D) 일환으로 수행되었으며, 이에 감사드립니다. 논문에 대해 유익한 비평을 주신 세 분의 심사위원께 감사드립니다.

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