Journal of Veterinary Science

The Korean Society of Veterinary Science (대한수의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Application of Topical Rocuronium Bromide Dosing by Ocular Size in Four Species of Wild Birds

  • Haerin Rhim (Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Sunjun Jung (Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Namsoo Kim (Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Jae-Ik Han (Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University)
  • Received : 2023.01.01
  • Accepted : 2023.06.19
  • Published : 2023.07.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Rocuronium bromide has been evaluated as a mydriatic agent in birds, but the species applied were limited and the dose and effect were variable. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical rocuronium bromide as mydriatics in 4 species according to horizontal palpebral fissure length: Feral pigeon (Columba livia), Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Northern boobook (Ninox japonica), and Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Methods: A total of 32 birds (8 for each species) were included as pre-releasing examination. Rocuronium bromide was instilled in one randomly selected eye of each bird based on palpebral fissure length criteria (0.5 mg/50 µL for pigeons, 1 mg/100 µL for kestrels and boobook owls, and 2 mg/200 µL for eagle owls). The contralateral eye was used as control and treated with normal saline. After instillation of the drug, pupil diameter, pupillary light reflex, intraocular pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 10 min intervals up to 180 min and at 30 min intervals up to 360 min. Results: Statistically significant mydriasis was obtained in all birds (p < 0.001). However, in boobook and eagle owls, marked mydriasis persisted until 360 min. Side effects including corneal erosion and lower eyelid paralysis were common, which was observed in 26/32 birds. Blepharospasm was also noted during this study. No systemic adverse signs were observed. Conclusions: Rocuronium bromide could be a good mydriatics option for 4 species of birds, however, further studies are needed to find lowest effective dose to reduce drug-related side effects.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention as "Specialized Graduate School Support Project for Wildlife Disease Specialist".

References

  1. Oliphant LW, Johnson MR, Murphy C, Howland H. The musculature and pupillary response of the great horned owl iris. Exp Eye Res. 1983;37(6):583-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(83)90134-3
  2. Verschueren CP, Lumeij JT. Mydriasis in pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) with d-tubocurarine: topical instillation versus intracameral injection. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1991;14(2):206-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1991.tb00824.x
  3. Loerzel SM, Smith PJ, Howe A, Samuelson DA. Vecuronium bromide, phenylephrine and atropine combinations as mydriatics in juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Vet Ophthalmol. 2002;5(3):149-154. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00231.x
  4. Mikaelian I, Paillet I, Williams D. Comparative use of various mydriatic drugs in kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Am J Vet Res 1994;55(2):270-272. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.02.270
  5. Ramer JC, Paul-Murphy J, Brunson D, Murphy CJ. Effects of mydriatic agents in cockatoos, African gray parrots, and Blue-fronted Amazon parrots. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208(2):227-230. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.208.02.227
  6. Dongo PS, Pinto DG, Guimaraes MB, Otsuki DA, Safatle AM, Bolzan AA. Effects of bilateral topical administration of repeated doses of rocuronium bromide as a mydriatic agent in amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva and Amazona amazonica). J Exot Pet Med. 2021;39:11-16. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.006
  7. Baine K, Hendrix DV, Kuhn SE, Souza MJ, Jones MP. The efficacy and safety of topical rocuronium bromide to induce bilateral mydriasis in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg. 2016;30(1):8-13. https://doi.org/10.1647/2015-083
  8. Petritz OA, Guzman DS, Gustavsen K, Wiggans KT, Kass PH, Houck E, et al. Evaluation of the mydriatic effects of topical administration of rocuronium bromide in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(1):67-71. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.248.1.67
  9. Barsotti G, Briganti A, Spratte JR, Ceccherelli R, Breghi G. Safety and efficacy of bilateral topical application of rocuronium bromide for mydriasis in European kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). J Avian Med Surg. 2012;26(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1647/2011-002.1
  10. Barsotti G, Briganti A, Spratte JR, Ceccherelli R, Breghi G. Bilateral mydriasis in common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and little owls (Athene noctua) induced by concurrent topical administration of rocuronium bromide. Vet Ophthalmol. 2010;13 Suppl:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00808.x
  11. Barsotti G, Briganti A, Spratte JR, Ceccherelli R, Breghi G. Mydriatic effect of topically applied rocuronium bromide in tawny owls (Strix aluco): comparison between two protocols. Vet Ophthalmol. 2010;13 Suppl:9-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00773.x
  12. Cantero F, Ortilles A, Pena MT, Gogova S, Molina R, Rios J, et al. Safety and efficacy of unilateral topical application of rocuronium bromide in healthy scops owls (Otus scops). Vet Ophthalmol. 2021;24(2):169-176.  https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12856
  13. Susanti L, Kang S, Lee E, Jeong D, Jeong Y, Park S, et al. Efficacy of topical rocuronium bromide as a mydriatic agent in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). J Vet Med Sci. 2021;83(3):501-506. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.20-0668
  14. Gelatt KN, Ben-Shlomo G, Gilger BC, Hendrix DV, Kern TJ, Plummer CE. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2021, 2057-2059. 
  15. O'Steen WK, Shear CR, Anderson KV. Retinal damage after prolonged exposure to visible light. A light and electron microscopic study. Am J Anat. 1972;134(1):5-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001340103
  16. Lawwill T, Crockett S, Currier G. Retinal damage secondary to chronic light exposure, thresholds and mechanisms. Doc Ophthalmol. 1977;44(2):379-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230089
  17. Patel M, Fraunfelder FW. Toxicity of topical ophthalmic anesthetics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9(8):983-988. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2013.794219
  18. Jung S, Rhim H, Kim N, Han JI. Application of a modified nictitating membrane flap in a fledgling feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica) with bullous keratopathy. Vet Ophthalmol. 2022;25(4):307-311. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13007
  19. Regnier A. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. part 1: drug delivery and pharmacokinetics. In: Gelatt KN, editor. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2013, 351-380. 
  20. Park JT, Lee JY, Lee SH, Rah SH, Um DJ. The effects of rocuronium and vecuronium on the increase in intraocular pressure associated with tracheal intubation. Anesth Pain Med. 2009;4(4):332-335. 
  21. Reuter A, Muller K, Arndt G, Eule JC. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. J Avian Med Surg. 2011;25(3):165-172. https://doi.org/10.1647/2009-056.1
  22. Jeong MB, Kim YJ, Yi NY, Park SA, Kim WT, Kim SE, et al. Comparison of the rebound tonometer (TonoVet) with the applanation tonometer (TonoPen XL) in normal Eurasian Eagle owls (Bubo bubo). Vet Ophthalmol. 2007;10(6):376-379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00573.x