Acknowledgement
This review was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81202173), the Key Teachers Training Plan of Henan Province (2018GGJS007) and the Technological Projects Foundation for Key R&D and Promotion in Henan Province (192102310047) and the Young Teachers Training Program of Zhengzhou University (2016-40).
References
- Rahman Z, Singh VP (2019) The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (as), cadmium (cd), chromium (cr) (VI), mercury (hg), and lead (pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environ Monit Assess 191:419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
- Wang M, Hossain F, Sulaiman R, Ren X (2019) Exposure to inorganic arsenic and lead and autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 32:1904-1919. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00134
- Al OM, Yang F, Massey IY (2019) Exposure routes and health effects of heavy metals on children. Biometals 32:563-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-019-00193-5
- Igbokwe IO, Igwenagu E, Igbokwe NA (2019) Aluminium toxicosis: a review of toxic actions and effects. Interdiscip Toxicol 12:45-70. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2019-0007
- Wu X, Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Xu H, Zhang Z, Yang L (2016) A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:8244-8259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6333-x
- Attarilar S, Yang J, Ebrahimi M, Wang Q, Liu J, Tang Y et al (2020) The toxicity phenomenon and the related occurrence in metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: a brief review from the biomedical perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00822
- Bahadar H, Maqbool F, Niaz K, Abdollahi M (2016) Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran Biomed J 20:1-11. https://doi.org/10.7508/ibj.2016.01.001
- Singh S (2019) Zinc oxide nanoparticles impacts: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Toxicol Mech Methods 29:300-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2018.1553221
- Buchman JT, Hudson-Smith NV, Landy KM, Haynes CL (2019) Understanding nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms to inform redesign strategies to reduce environmental impact. Acc Chem Res 52:1632-1642. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00053
- Mortezaee K, Najaf M, Samadian H, Barabadi H, Azarnezhad A, Ahmadi A (2019) Redox interactions and genotoxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: a comprehensive review. Chem Biol Interact 312:108814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108814
- Li Y, Ju D (2018) The role of Autophagy in nanoparticles-induced toxicity and its related cellular and molecular mechanisms. Adv Exp Med Biol 1048:71-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_5
- Yang J, Zhou R, Ma Z (2019) Autophagy and energy metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol 1206:329-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_16
- Reich N, Holscher C (2020) Acylated Ghrelin as a multi-targeted therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 14:614828. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.614828
- Floriano BF, Carvalho T, Lopes TZ, Takahashi L, Rahal P, Tedesco AC et al (2021) Effect of berberine nanoemulsion photodynamic therapy on cervical carcinoma cell line. Photo-diagnosis Photodyn Ther 33:102174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102174
- Lin Z, Miao J, Zhang T, He M, Zhou X, Zhang H et al (2021) D-mannose suppresses osteoarthritis development in vivo and delays IL-1beta-induced degeneration in vitro by enhancing autophagy activated via the AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 135:111199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111199
- Zhang Z, Miah M, Culbreth M, Aschner M (2016) Autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases and metal neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 41:409-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-1844-x
- Saran U, Tyagi A, Chandrasekaran B, Ankem MK, Damodaran C (2021) The role of autophagy in metal-induced urogenital carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 76:247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.022
- Xie Y, Xiao F, Luo L, Zhong C (2014) Activation of autophagy protects against ROS-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in L-02 hepatocytes induced by cr(VI). Cell Physiol Biochem 33:705-716. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358646
- Bai L, Liu R, Wang R, Xin Y, Wu Z, Ba Y et al (2021) Attenuation of Pb-induced Aβ generation and autophagic dysfunction via activation of SIRT1: neuroprotective properties of resveratrol. Ecotox Environ Safe 222:112511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112511
- Yang CL, Chiou SH, Tai WC, Joseph NA, Chow KC (2017) Trivalent chromium induces autophagy by activating sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 and increasing cellular ceramide levels in renal HK2 cells. Mol Carcinog 56:2424-2433. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.22689
- Zou H, Wang T, Yuan J, Sun J, Yuan Y, Gu J et al (2020) Cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in mouse liver cells is associated with the disruption of autophagic flux via inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Toxicol Lett 321:32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.019
- Chatterjee S, Sarkar S, Bhattacharya S (2014) Toxic metals and autophagy. Chem Res Toxicol 27:1887-1900. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx500264s
- Zachari M, Ganley IG (2017) The mammalian ULK1 complex and autophagy initiation. Essays Biochem 61:585-596. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20170021
- Lin MG, Hurley JH (2016) Structure and function of the ULK1 complex in autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 39:61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.010
- Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B, Guan KL (2011) AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol 13:132-141. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2152
- Polivka JJ, Janku F (2014) Molecular targets for cancer therapy in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Pharmacol Ther 142:164-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.004
- Mihaylova MM, Shaw RJ (2011) The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 13:1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2329
- Shackelford DB, Shaw RJ (2009) The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Cancer 9:563-575. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2676
- Li Y, Chen Y (2019) AMPK and Autophagy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1206:85-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_4
- Maiuri MC, Galluzzi L, Morselli E, Kepp O, Malik SA, Kroemer G (2010) Autophagy regulation by p53. Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:181-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2009.12.001
- White E (2016) Autophagy and p53. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 6:a26120. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a026120
- Chen L, Jiang Z, Ma H, Ning L, Chen H, Li L et al (2016) Volatile oil of Acori graminei rhizoma-induced apoptosis and autophagy are dependent on p53 status in human glioma cells. Sci Rep 6:21148. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21148
- Xu J, Zhang XQ, Zhang Z (2020) Transcription factor EB agonists from natural products for treating human diseases with impaired autophagy-lysosome pathway. Chin Med 15:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00402-1
- Chen C, Qin H, Tan J, Hu Z, Zeng L (2020) The role of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy-lysosome pathway in cerebral ischemia. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020:5457049. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5457049
- Babuta M, Furi I, Bala S, Bukong TN, Lowe P, Catalano D et al (2019) Dysregulated autophagy and lysosome function are linked to exosome production by micro-RNA 155 in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 70:2123-2141. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30766
- Mcewan DG, Popovic D, Gubas A, Terawaki S, Suzuki H, Stadel D et al (2015) PLEKHM1 regulates autophagosome-lysosome fusion through HOPS complex and LC3/GABARAP proteins. Mol Cell 57:39-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.11.006
- Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan MS, Jiang T, Zhu XC, Tan L (2014) Autophagy in aging and neurodegenerative diseases: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Neurobiol Aging 35:941-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.019
- Ravikumar B, Moreau K, Jahreiss L, Puri C, Rubinsztein DC (2010) Plasma membrane contributes to the formation of preautophagosomal structures. Nat Cell Biol 12:747-757. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2078
- Hatakeyama S (2017) TRIM family proteins: roles in autophagy, immunity, and carcinogenesis. Trends Biochem Sci 42:297-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.002
- Kang R, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D (2011) The beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis. Cell Death Difer 18:571-580. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2010.191
- Yang Z, Klionsky DJ (2010) Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
- Sarkar S (2013) Regulation of autophagy by mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways: autophagy dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic application of autophagy enhancers. Biochem Soc Trans 41:1103-1130. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20130134
- Levine B, Kroemer G (2019) Biological functions of autophagy genes: a disease perspective. Cell 176:11-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048
- Glick D, Barth S, Macleod KF (2010) Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Pathol 221:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697
- Diao J, Liu R, Rong Y, Zhao M, Zhang J, Lai Y et al (2015) ATG14 promotes membrane tethering and fusion of autophagosomes to endolysosomes. Nature 520:563-566. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14147
- Branca J, Morucci G, Pacini A (2018) Cadmium-induced neurotoxicity: still much ado. Neural Regen Res 13:1879-1882. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.239434
- Zhu Y, Costa M (2020) Metals and molecular carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 41:1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgaa076
- Abu-El-Zahab H, Hamza RZ, Montaser MM, El-Mahdi MM, Al-Harthi WA (2019) Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antigenotoxic, and hepatic ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and selenium on cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and alterations in liver cell structure in male mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 173:419-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.041
- Nanayakkara S, Komiya T, Ratnatunga N, Senevirathna ST, Harada KH, Hitomi T et al (2012) Tubulointerstitial damage as the major pathological lesion in endemic chronic kidney disease among farmers in north central province of Sri Lanka. Environ Health Prev Med 17:213-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-011-0243-9
- Kumar S, Sharma A (2019) Cadmium toxicity: effects on human reproduction and fertility. Rev Environ Health 34:327-338. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0016
- Venditti M, Ben RM, Romano MZ, Messaoudi I, Reiter RJ, Minucci S (2021) Evidence of melatonin ameliorative effects on the blood-testis barrier and sperm quality alterations induced by cadmium in the rat testis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 226:112878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112878
- Chen H, Lu Y, Cao Z, Ma Q, Pi H, Fang Y et al (2016) Cadmium induces NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett 246:7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.014
- Ebrahimi M, Khalili N, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Khalili N, Rezaei N (2020) Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression. J Environ Health Sci Eng 18:335-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00455-2
- Son J, Lee SE, Park BS, Jung J, Park HS, Bang JY et al (2011) Biomarker discovery and proteomic evaluation of cadmium toxicity on a collembolan species, Paronychiurus kimi (Lee). Proteomics 11:2294-2307. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200900690
- Jomova K, Valko M (2011) Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology 283:65-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001
- Faiz H, Boghossian M, Martin G, Baverel G, Ferrier B, Conjard-Duplany A (2015) Cadmium chloride inhibits lactate gluconeogenesis in mouse renal proximal tubules: an in vitro metabolomic approach with (13)C NMR. Toxicol Lett 238:45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.018
- Choong G, Liu Y, Templeton DM (2014) Interplay of calcium and cadmium in mediating cadmium toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 211:54-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.007
- Yang M, Pi H, Li M, Xu S, Zhang L, Xie J et al (2016) From the cover: autophagy induction contributes to cadmium toxicity in mesenchymal stem cells via AMPK/FOXO3a/BECN1 signaling. Toxicol Sci 154:101-114. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfw144
- Pi H, Li M, Zou L, Yang M, Deng P, Fan T et al (2019) AKT inhibition-mediated dephosphorylation of TFE3 promotes overactive autophagy independent of MTORC1 in cadmium-exposed bone mesenchymal stem cells. Autophagy 15:565-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1531198
- Wei X, Qi Y, Zhang X, Gu X, Cai H, Yang J et al (2015) ROS act as an upstream signal to mediate cadmium-induced mitophagy in mouse brain. Neurotoxicology 46:19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.11.007
- Son YO, Wang X, Hitron JA, Zhang Z, Cheng S, Budhraja A et al (2011) Cadmium induces autophagy through ROS-dependent activation of the LKB1-AMPK signaling in skin epidermal cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 255:287-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.024
- Wang SH, Shih YL, Kuo TC, Ko WC, Shih CM (2009) Cadmium toxicity toward autophagy through ROS-activated GSK-3beta in mesangial cells. Toxicol Sci 108:124-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn266
- Wang SH, Shih YL, Ko WC, Wei YH, Shih CM (2008) Cadmium-induced autophagy and apoptosis are mediated by a calcium signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:3640-3652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-8383-9
- Gu J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shi M, Yin L, Hou Y et al (2019) Inhibition of autophagy alleviates cadmium-induced mouse spleen and human B cells apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 170:109-122. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz089
- Wang QW, Wang Y, Wang T, Zhang KB, Jiang CY, Hu FF et al (2015) Cadmium-induced autophagy promotes survival of rat cerebral cortical neurons by activating class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase/beclin-1/B-cell lymphoma 2 signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 12:2912-2918. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3755
- Wang Q, Zhu J, Zhang K, Jiang C, Wang Y, Yuan Y et al (2013) Induction of cytoprotective autophagy in PC-12 cells by cadmium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 438:186-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.050
- Nasirzadeh N, Mohammadian Y, Dehgan G (2022) Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium in iranian workplaces: a meta-analysis study. Biol Trace Elem Res 200:1551-1560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02789-w
- Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl 101:133-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
- Velma V, Tchounwou PB (2010) Chromium-induced biochemical, genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus. Mutat Res 698:43-51. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.03.014
- Chakraborty R, Renu K, Eladl MA, El-Sherbiny M, Elsherbini D, Mirza AK et al (2022) Mechanism of chromium-induced toxicity in lungs, liver, and kidney and their ameliorative agents. Biomed Pharmacother 151:113119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113119
- Marouani N, Tebourbi O, Mahjoub S, Yacoubi MT, Sakly M, Benkhalifa M et al (2012) Effects of hexavalent chromium on reproductive functions of male adult rats. Reprod Biol 12:119-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60081-3
- Samuel JB, Stanley JA, Sekar P, Princess RA, Sebastian MS, Aruldhas MM (2014) Persistent hexavalent chromium exposure impaired the pubertal development and ovarian histoarchitecture in wistar rat offspring. Environ Toxicol 29:814-828. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.21810
- El-Demerdash FM, El-Sayed RA, Abdel-Daim MM (2021) Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil modulates renal toxicity and oxidative stress induced by potassium dichromate in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 67:126791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126791
- Marouani N, Tebourbi O, Mokni M, Yacoubi MT, Sakly M, Benkhalifa M et al (2015) Hexavalent chromium-induced apoptosis in rat uterus: involvement of oxidative stress. Arch Environ Occup Health 70:189-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2013.828673
- Madejczyk MS, Baer CE, Dennis WE, Minarchick VC, Leonard SS, Jackson DA et al (2015) Temporal changes in rat liver gene expression after acute cadmium and chromium exposure. PLoS One 10:e127327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127327
- Yuan Y, Ming Z, Gong-Hua H, Lan G, Lu D, Peng L et al (2012) Cr(VI) induces the decrease of ATP level and the increase of apoptosis rate mediated by ROS or VDAC1 in L-02 hepatocytes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 34:579-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2012.06.016
- Zhong X, de Cassia DSES, Zhong C (2017) Mitochondrial biogenesis in response to chromium (VI) toxicity in human liver cells. Int J Mol Sci 18:1877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091877
- Yi X, Zhang Y, Zhong C, Zhong X, Xiao F (2016) The role of STIM1 in the cr(vi)-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase and cell injury in L-02 hepatocytes. Metallomics 8:1273-1282. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6mt00204h
- Yi X, Xiao F, Zhong X, Duan Y, Liu K, Zhong C (2017) A ca(2+) chelator ameliorates chromium (VI)-induced hepatocyte L-02 injury via down-regulation of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) expression. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 49:27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.11.007
- Zheng X, Li S, Li J, Lv Y, Wang X, Wu P et al (2020) Hexavalent chromium induces renal apoptosis and autophagy via disordering the balance of mitochondrial dynamics in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 204:111061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111061
- Liang Q, Xiao Y, Liu K, Zhong C, Zeng M, Xiao F (2018) Cr(VI)-induced autophagy protects L-02 hepatocytes from apoptosis through the ROS-AKT-mTOR pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 51:1863-1878. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495713
- Liu K, Chen P, Lu J, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Liu Y et al (2020) Protective effect of purple tomato anthocyanidin on chromium(VI)-induced autophagy in LMH cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 194:570-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01795-3
- Ge H, Li Z, Jiang L, Li Q, Geng C, Yao X et al (2019) Cr (VI) induces crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy through endoplasmic reticulum stress in A549cells. Chem Biol Interact 298:35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.024
- Xu Y, Wang X, Geng N, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y et al (2020) Mitophagy is involved in chromium (VI)-induced mitochondria damage in DF-1 cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 194:110414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110414
- Mitra P, Sharma S, Purohit P, Sharma P (2017) Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: an update. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 54:506-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2017.1408562
- Hu Q, Fu H, Ren T, Wang S, Zhou W, Song H et al (2008) Maternal low-level lead exposure reduces the expression of PSANCAM and the activity of sialyltransferase in the hippocampi of neonatal rat pups. Neurotoxicology 29:675-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2008.04.002
- Wang T, Guan RL, Liu MC, Shen XF, Chen JY, Zhao MG et al (2016) Lead exposure impairs hippocampus related learning and memory by altering synaptic plasticity and morphology during juvenile period. Mol Neurobiol 53:3740-3752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9312-1
- Tang M, Luo L, Zhu D, Wang M, Luo Y, Wang H et al (2009) Muscarinic cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in rat hippocampus following chronic lead exposure. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 379:37-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-008-0344-1
- Sun L, Zou Y, Su P, Xue C, Wang D, Zhao F et al (2022) Lead exposure induced neural stem cells death via notch signaling pathway and gut-brain axis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022:7676872. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7676872
- Nam SM, Chang BJ, Kim JH, Nahm SS, Lee JH (2018) Ascorbic acid ameliorates lead-induced apoptosis in the cerebellar cortex of developing rats. Brain Res 1686:10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.014
- Feng C, Liu S, Zhou F, Gao Y, Li Y, Du G et al (2019) Oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative brain following lifetime exposure to lead in rats: changes in lifespan profiles. Toxicology 411:101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.003
- Wang L, Li J, Li J, Liu Z (2010) Effects of lead and/or cadmium on the oxidative damage of rat kidney cortex mitochondria. Biol Trace Elem Res 137:69-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8560-1
- Maiti AK, Saha NC, More SS, Panigrahi AK, Paul G (2017) Neuroprotective efficacy of mitochondrial antioxidant MitoQ in suppressing peroxynitrite-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction inflicted by lead toxicity in the rat brain. Neurotox Res 31:358-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-016-9692-7
- Lalith KV, Muralidhara (2014) Ameliorative effects of ferulic acid against lead acetate-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and toxicity in prepubertal rat brain. Neurochem Res 39:2501-2515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1451-7
- Yuan G, Dai S, Yin Z, Lu H, Jia R, Xu J et al (2014) Sub-chronic lead and cadmium co-induce apoptosis protein expression in liver and kidney of rats. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 7:2905-2914
- Zhang J, Cai T, Zhao F, Yao T, Chen Y, Liu X et al (2012) The role of alpha-synuclein and tau hyperphosphorylation-mediated autophagy and apoptosis in lead-induced learning and memory injury. Int J Biol Sci 8:935-944. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.4499
- Gu X, Qi Y, Feng Z, Ma L, Gao K, Zhang Y (2018) Lead (pb) induced ATM-dependent mitophagy via PINK1/Parkin pathway. Toxicol Lett 291:92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.012
- Gao K, Zhang C, Tian Y, Naeem S, Zhang Y, Qi Y (2020) The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in lead (Pb)-induced mitophagy of HEK293 cells. Toxicol Ind Health 36:1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233720971882
- Zhao Y, Mao A, Zhang R, Guan S, Lu J (2022) SIRT1/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy dysregulation promotes Pb-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Environ Toxicol 37:549-563. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23420
- Song X, Li Z, Liu F, Wang Z, Wang L (2017) Restoration of autophagy by puerarin in lead-exposed primary rat proximal tubular cells via regulating AMPK-mTOR signaling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21869
- Song XB, Liu G, Liu F, Yan ZG, Wang ZY, Liu ZP et al (2017) Autophagy blockade and lysosomal membrane permeabilization contribute to lead-induced nephrotoxicity in primary rat proximal tubular cells. Cell Death Dis 8:e2863. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.262
- Gu X, Han M, Du Y, Wu Y, Xu Y, Zhou X et al (2019) Pb disrupts autophagic flux through inhibiting the formation and activity of lysosomes in neural cells. Toxicol In Vitro 55:43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2018.11.010
- Li C, Shi L, Peng C, Yu G, Zhang Y, Du Z (2021) Lead-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis by inhibiting gap junction intercellular communication via autophagy activation. Chem Biol Interact 337:109331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109331
- Khairul I, Wang QQ, Jiang YH, Wang C, Naranmandura H (2017) Metabolism, toxicity and anticancer activities of arsenic compounds. Oncotarget 8:23905-23926. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14733
- Garbinski LD, Rosen BP, Chen J (2019) Pathways of arsenic uptake and efflux. Environ Int 126:585-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.058
- Zhang M, He Z, Yuan H, Zhu L, Guo C, Yin L et al (2011) DNA damage and decrease of cellular oxidase activity in piglet sertoli cells exposed to arsanilic acid. J Vet Med Sci 73:199-203. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.10-0236
- Gong X, Ivanov VN, Davidson MM, Hei TK (2015) Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) protects against sodium arsenite-induced nephrotoxicity by suppressing ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and programed cell death. Arch Toxicol 89:1057-1070. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00204-014-1302-y
- Sun BF, Wang QQ, Yu ZJ, Yu Y, Xiao CL, Kang CS et al (2015) Exercise prevents memory impairment induced by arsenic exposure in mice: implication of hippocampal BDNF and CREB. PLoS One 10:e137810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137810
- Flora SJ (2011) Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radic Biol Med 51:257-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.008
- Muenyi CS, Ljungman M, States JC (2015) Arsenic disruption of DNA damage responses-potential role in carcinogenesis and chemotherapy. Biomolecules 5:2184-2193. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom5042184
- Argos M, Chen L, Jasmine F, Tong L, Pierce BL, Roy S et al (2015) Gene-specific differential DNA methylation and chronic arsenic exposure in an epigenome-wide association study of adults in Bangladesh. Environ Health Persp 123:64-71. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307884
- Li ZY, Yang Y, Ming M, Liu B (2011) Mitochondrial ROS generation for regulation of autophagic pathways in cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 414:5-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.046
- Partridge MA, Huang SX, Hernandez-Rosa E, Davidson MM, Hei TK (2007) Arsenic induced mitochondrial DNA damage and altered mitochondrial oxidative function: implications for genotoxic mechanisms in mammalian cells. Cancer Res 67:5239-5247. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0074
- Kimura A, Ishida Y, Wada T, Hisaoka T, Morikawa Y, Sugaya T et al (2010) The absence of interleukin-6 enhanced arsenite-induced renal injury by promoting autophagy of tubular epithelial cells with aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Am J Pathol 176:40-50. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2010.090146
- Duan T, Hu T, Wu C, Yeh YT, Lu J, Zhang Q et al (2020) PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is involved in NaAsO2-induced apoptosis of human hepatic cells through activation of ERK signaling. Toxicol In Vitro 66:104857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104857
- Manthari RK, Tikka C, Ommati MM, Niu R, Sun Z, Wang J et al (2018) Arsenic induces autophagy in developmental mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway: involvement of blood-brain barrier's tight junction proteins. Arch Toxicol 92:3255-3275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2304-y
- Ommati MM, Shi X, Li H, Zamiri MJ, Farshad O, Jamshidzadeh A et al (2020) The mechanisms of arsenic-induced ovotoxicity, ultrastructural alterations, and autophagic related paths: an enduring developmental study in folliculogenesis of mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 204:110973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110973
- Zhang T, Qi Y, Liao M, Xu M, Bower KA, Frank JA et al (2012) Autophagy is a cell self-protective mechanism against arsenic-induced cell transformation. Toxicol Sci 130:298-308. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs240
- Chuu JJ, Liu SH, Lin-Shiau SY (2007) Differential neurotoxic effects of methylmercury and mercuric sulfide in rats. Toxicol Lett 169:109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.12.006
- Weis JS (2009) Reproductive, developmental, and neurobehavioral effects of methylmercury in fishes. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 27:212-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500903310088
- Ahmad S, Tufail N, Parveen N, Mahmood R (2022) Attenuation of hg(II)-induced cellular and DNA damage in human blood cells by uric acid. Biochem Cell Biol 100:45-58. https://doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2021-0229
- Wang J, Fang Z, Gao J, Sun L, Wang Y, Liu Y et al (2021) Comparative study of cytotoxicity, DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by heavy metals cd(II), hg(II) and cr(III) in yeast. Curr Microbiol 78:1856-1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02454-4
- Vassallo DV, Simoes MR, Giuberti K, Azevedo BF, Ribeiro JR, Salaices M et al (2019) Effects of chronic exposure to mercury on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and oxidative stress in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 112:374-380. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180271
- Fujimura M, Usuki F (2022) Cellular conditions responsible for methylmercury-mediated neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 23:7218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137218
- Rudgalvyte M, Peltonen J, Lakso M, Wong G (2017) Chronic MeHg exposure modifes the histone H3K4me3 epigenetic landscape in Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 191:109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.001
- Pan J, Li X, Wei Y, Ni L, Xu B, Deng Y et al (2022) Advances on the influence of methylmercury exposure during neurodevelopment. Chem Res Toxicol 35:43-58. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00255
- Chatterjee S, Ray A, Mukherjee S, Agarwal S, Kundu R, Bhattacharya S (2014) Low concentration of mercury induces autophagic cell death in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 30:611-620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233712462442
- Vergilio CS, Carvalho CE, Melo EJ (2015) Mercury-induced dysfunctions in multiple organelles leading to cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 29:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.006
- Chang SH, Lee HJ, Kang B, Yu KN, Minai-Tehrani A, Lee S et al (2013) Methylmercury induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in human neural stem cells. J Toxicol Sci 38:823-831. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.38.823
- Unoki T, Akiyama M, Kumagai Y, Goncalves FM, Farina M, Da RJ et al (2018) Molecular pathways associated with methylmercury-induced Nrf2 modulation. Front Genet 9:373. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00373
- El AH, Mohammed EA, Aboulhoda BE, Emam HY, Imam AA (2019) Selenium protection against mercury neurotoxicity: modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the anterior pituitary. Life Sci 231:116578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116578
- Lin T, Ruan S, Huang D, Meng X, Li W, Wang B et al (2019) MeHg-induced autophagy via JNK/Vps34 complex pathway promotes autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cell death. Cell Death Dis 10:399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1632-z
- Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IM et al (2014) Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 44 Suppl 4:1-80. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2014.934439
- Yang Y, Wang H, Guo Y, Lei W, Wang J, Hu X et al (2016) Metal ion imbalance-related oxidative stress is involved in the mechanisms of liver injury in a rat model of chronic aluminum exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 173:126-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0627-1
- Mai S, He Q, Wang H, Hu X, Luo Y, Yang Y et al (2016) 5-lipoxygenase activation is involved in the mechanisms of chronic hepatic injury in a rat model of chronic aluminum overload exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 305:259-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.029
- Sun X, Sun H, Yu K, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu K et al (2018) Aluminum chloride causes the dysfunction of testes through inhibiting the ATPase enzyme activities and gonadotropin receptor expression in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 183:296-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1120-1
- Yang X, Yu K, Wang H, Zhang H, Bai C, Song M et al (2018) Bone impairment caused by AlCl3 is associated with activation of the JNK apoptotic pathway mediated by oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 116:307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.057
- Liu J, Wang Q, Sun X, Yang X, Zhuang C, Xu F et al (2016) The toxicity of aluminum chloride on kidney of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 173:339-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0648-9
- Yu H, Zhang J, Ji Q, Yu K, Wang P, Song M et al (2019) Melatonin alleviates aluminium chloride-induced immunotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 173:131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.095
- Zhang Q, Cao Z, Sun X, Zuang C, Huang W, Li Y (2016) Aluminum trichloride induces hypertension and disturbs the function of erythrocyte membrane in male rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 171:116-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0504-3
- Li C, Wang N, Zheng G, Yang L (2021) Oral administration of resveratrol-selenium-peptide nanocomposites alleviates alzheimer's disease-like pathogenesis by inhibiting abeta aggregation and regulating gut microbiota. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:46406-46420. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c14818
- Wang B, Zhao J, Yu M, Meng X, Cui X, Zhao Y et al (2014) Disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis and CaMKII/CREB signaling is associated with learning and memory impairments induced by chronic aluminum exposure. Neurotox Res 26:52-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-013-9451-y
- Hosseini-Sharifabad A, Rabbani M, Seyed-Yousef Y, Safavi M (2020) Magnesium increases the protective effect of citicoline on aluminum chloride-induced cognitive impairment. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 18:241-248. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2020.18.2.241
- Li S, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Wang X, Liu P (2020) Flavonoids ameliorate aluminum chloride-induced learning and memory impairments via suppression of apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats. J Inorg Biochem 212:111252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111252
- Exley C (2013) Human exposure to aluminium. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1807-1816. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00374d
- El HA, Fennich H, Alaika O, Dakka T, Raissouni Z, Oukerraj L et al (2017) Reversible myocardial injury and intraventricular thrombus associated with aluminium phosphide poisoning. Case Rep Cardiol 2017:6287015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6287015
- Novaes RD, Mouro V, Goncalves RV, Mendonca A, Santos EC, Fialho M et al (2018) Aluminum: a potentially toxic metal with dose-dependent effects on cardiac bioaccumulation, mineral distribution, DNA oxidation and microstructural remodeling. Environ Pollut 242:814-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.034
- Mujika JI, Dalla TG, Formoso E, Grande-Aztatzi R, Grabowski SJ, Exley C et al (2018) Aluminum's preferential binding site in proteins: sidechain of amino acids versus backbone interactions. J Inorg Biochem 181:111-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.10.014
- Ohsaka Y, Nomura Y (2016) Rat white adipocytes activate p85/p110 PI3K and induce PM GLUT4 in response to adrenoceptor agonists or aluminum fuoride. Physiol Int 103:35-48. https://doi.org/10.1556/036.103.2016.1.4
- Hu C, Yang J, He Q, Luo Y, Chen Z, Yang L et al (2018) CysLTR1 blockage ameliorates liver injury caused by aluminum-overload via PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy activation in vivo and in vitro. Mol Pharm 15:1996-2006. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00121
- Li H, Xue X, Li L, Li Y, Wang Y, Huang T et al (2020) Aluminum-induced synaptic plasticity impairment via PI3K-AktmTOR signaling pathway. Neurotox Res 37:996-1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00165-5
- Yang X, Zhang J, Ji Q, Wang F, Song M, Li Y (2018) Autophagy protects MC3T3-E1 cells upon aluminum-induced apoptosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 185:433-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1264-7
- Zeng KW, Fu H, Liu GX, Wang XM (2012) Aluminum maltolate induces primary rat astrocyte apoptosis via overactivation of the class III PI3K/Beclin 1-dependent autophagy signal. Toxicol In Vitro 26:215-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.010
- Andrade VM, Aschner M, Marreilha DSA (2017) Neurotoxicity of metal mixtures. Adv Neurobiol 18:227-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_12
- Pohl HR, Roney N, Abadin HG (2011) Metal ions afecting the neurological system. Met Ions Life Sci 8:247-262
- Andrade V, Mateus ML, Batoreu MC, Aschner M, Marreilha DSA (2014) Changes in rat urinary porphyrin profiles predict the magnitude of the neurotoxic effects induced by a mixture of lead, arsenic and manganese. Neurotoxicology 45:168-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.10.009
- Zhu H, Jia Y, Cao H, Meng F, Liu X (2014) Biochemical and histopathological effects of subchronic oral exposure of rats to a mixture of five toxic elements. Food Chem Toxicol 71:166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.005
- Zou H, Sun J, Wu B, Yuan Y, Gu J, Bian J et al (2020) Effects of cadmium and/or lead on autophagy and liver injury in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 198:206-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02045-7
- Czajka M, Sawicki K, Sikorska K, Popek S, Kruszewski M, Kapka-Skrzypczak L (2015) Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in central nervous system. Toxicol In Vitro 29:1042-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.004
- Mohammadipour A, Fazel A, Haghir H, Motejaded F, Rafatpanah H, Zabihi H et al (2014) Maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles during pregnancy; impaired memory and decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in rat offspring. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 37:617-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.014
- Wang Y, Chen Z, Ba T, Pu J, Chen T, Song Y et al (2013) Susceptibility of young and adult rats to the oral toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Small 9:1742-1752. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201201185
- Dolenc KJ (2017) Effects of exposure to nano and bulk sized TiO2 and CuO in Lemna minor. Plant Physiol Biochem 119:43-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.014
- Wu F, Bortvedt A, Harper BJ, Crandon LE, Harper SL (2017) Uptake and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles to Daphnia magna varies between indirect dietary and direct waterborne exposures. Aquat Toxicol 190:78-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.021
- Huang T, Guo W, Wang Y, Chang L, Shang N, Chen J et al (2021) Involvement of mitophagy in aluminum oxide nanoparticle-induced impairment of learning and memory in mice. Neurotox Res 39:378-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00283-0
- Katerji M, Filippova M, Duerksen-Hughes P (2019) Approaches and methods to measure oxidative stress in clinical samples: research applications in the cancer field. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:1279250. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1279250
- Halamoda KB, Chapuis BC, Guney-Ayra S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L (2012) Induction of oxidative stress, lysosome activation and autophagy by nanoparticles in human brain-derived endothelial cells. Biochem J 441:813-821. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20111252
- Johnson BM, Fraietta JA, Gracias DT, Hope JL, Stairiker CJ, Patel PR et al (2015) Acute exposure to ZnO nanoparticles induces autophagic immune cell death. Nanotoxicology 9:737-748. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.974709
- Khan MI, Mohammad A, Patil G, Naqvi SA, Chauhan LK, Ahmad I (2012) Induction of ROS, mitochondrial damage and autophagy in lung epithelial cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 33:1477-1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.080
- Azimee S, Rahmati M, Fahimi H, Moosavi MA (2020) TiO(2) nanoparticles enhance the chemotherapeutic effects of 5-fuorouracil in human AGS gastric cancer cells via autophagy blockade. Life Sci 248:117466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117466
- Hu Q, Zhao F, Fan M, He C, Yang X, Huang Z et al (2019) The influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on their cellular response to macrophage cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 223:42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.05.006
- Perez-Arizti JA, Ventura-Gallegos JL, Galvan JR, Ramos-Godinez M, Colin-Val Z, Lopez-Marure R (2020) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote oxidative stress, autophagy and reduce NLRP3 in primary rat astrocytes. Chem Biol Interact 317:108966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108966
- Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Alrokayan SA (2015) Assessment of the lung toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles: current status. Nanomed (Lond) 10:2365-2377. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.15.72
- Zhang Y, Xu B, Yao M, Dong T, Mao Z, Hang B et al (2018) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce proteostasis disruption and autophagy in human trophoblast cells. Chem Biol Interact 296:124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.015
- Mao Z, Yao M, Li Y, Fu Z, Li S, Zhang L et al (2018) Mir-96-5p and mir-101-3p as potential intervention targets to rescue TiO(2) NP-induced autophagy and migration impairment of human trophoblastic cells. Biomater Sci 6:3273-3283. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8bm00856f
- Yu KN, Chang SH, Park SJ, Lim J, Lee J, Yoon TJ et al (2015) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagic cell death via mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane disruption in normal lung cells. PLoS One 10:e131208. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131208
- Yu S, Mu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Lee C, Wang H (2019) Molecular mechanisms underlying titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NP) induced autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). J Toxicol Environ Health A 82:997-1008. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1688482
- Sun T, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Guo F, Jiang C (2012) Copper oxide nanoparticles induce autophagic cell death in A549 cells. PLoS One 7:e43442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043442
- Ma X, Wu Y, Jin S, Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y et al (2011) Gold nanoparticles induce autophagosome accumulation through size-dependent nanoparticle uptake and lysosome impairment. ACS Nano 5:8629-8639. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn202155y
- Roy R, Singh SK, Chauhan LK, Das M, Tripathi A, Dwivedi PD (2014) Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis by enhancement of autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibition. Toxicol Lett 227:29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.024
- Li L, Li L, Zhou X, Yu Y, Li Z, Zuo D et al (2019) Silver nanoparticles induce protective autophagy via ca(2+)/CaMKKbeta/ AMPK/mTOR pathway in SH-SY5Y cells and rat brains. Nanotoxicology 13:369-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2018.1550226
- Mishra AR, Zheng J, Tang X, Goering PL (2016) Silver nanoparticle-induced autophagic-lysosomal disruption and NLRP3-inflammasome activation in HepG2 cells is size-dependent. Toxicol Sci 150:473-487. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfw011
- Zhang X, Zhang H, Liang X, Zhang J, Tao W, Zhu X et al (2016) Iron oxide nanoparticles induce autophagosome accumulation through multiple mechanisms: lysosome impairment, mitochondrial damage, and ER stress. Mol Pharm 13:2578-2587. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00405
- Niture S, Lin M, Qi Q, Moore JT, Levine KE, Fernando RA et al (2021) Role of autophagy in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and liver diseases. J Toxicol 2021:9564297. https://doi.org/10. 1155/2021/9564297 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9564297
- Gu J, Ren Z, Zhao J, Peprah FA, Xie Y, Cheng D et al (2020) Calcimimetic compound NPS R-467 protects against chronic cadmium-induced mouse kidney injury by restoring autophagy process. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 189:110052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110052
- Zhao C, Yu D, He Z, Bao L, Feng L, Chen L et al (2021) Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy activation is involved in cadmium-induced ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 175:236-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.008
- Zou H, Wang L, Zhao J, Yuan Y, Wang T, Bian J et al (2021) MiR-155 promotes cadmium-induced autophagy in rat hepatocytes by suppressing Rheb expression. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 227:112895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112895
- Li JR, Ou YC, Wu CC, Wang JD, Lin SY, Wang YY et al (2020) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy contributed to cadmium nephrotoxicity in HK-2 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 146:111828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111828
- Zhang Y, Ma Y, Xiao Y, Lu C, Xiao F (2020) Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission contributes to cr(VI)-induced mitophagy and hepatotoxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 203:110928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110928
- Wang Y, Wang L, Wang X, Cheng G, Xing Y, Zhang M et al (2022) Inflammatory injury and mitophagy in the cock heart induced by the oral administration of hexavalent chromium. Biol Trace Elem Res 200:1312-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02715-0
- Yin F, Yan J, Zhao Y, Guo KJ, Zhang ZL, Li AP et al (2019) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair cr (VI)- injured kidney by regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and mitophagy mediated via the MAPK signaling pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 176:234-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.093
- Corsetti G, Romano C, Stacchiotti A, Pasini E, Dioguardi FS (2017) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis triggered by sub-chronic lead exposure in mice spleen: a histopathological study. Biol Trace Elem Res 178:86-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0912-z
- Meng H, Wang L, He J, Wang Z (2016) The protective effect of gangliosides on lead (Pb)-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by autophagic pathways. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040365
- Cui YH, Yang S, Wei J, Shea CR, Zhong W, Wang F et al (2021) Autophagy of the m(6)a mRNA demethylase FTO is impaired by low-level arsenic exposure to promote tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 12:2183. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22469-6
- Wei S, Qiu T, Yao X, Wang N, Jiang L, Jia X et al (2020) Arsenic induces pancreatic dysfunction and ferroptosis via mitochondrial ROS-autophagy-lysosomal pathway. J Hazard Mater 384:121390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121390
- Wan F, Zhong G, Wu S, Jiang X, Liao J, Zhang X et al (2021) Arsenic and antimony co-induced nephrotoxicity via autophagy and pyroptosis through ROS-mediated pathway in vivo and in vitro. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 221:112442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112442
- Balarastaghi S, Barangi S, Hosseinzadeh H, Imenshahidi M, Moosavi Z, Razavi BM et al (2022) Melatonin improves arsenic-induced hypertension through the inactivation of the Sirt1/autophagy pathway in rat. Biomed Pharmacother 151:113135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113135
- Wang Y, Zhao H, Shao Y, Liu J, Li J, Xing M (2018) Interplay between elemental imbalance-related PI3K/Akt/mTOR-regulated apoptosis and autophagy in arsenic (III)-induced jejunum toxicity of chicken. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:18662-18672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2059-2
- Wu S, Zhong G, Wan F, Jiang X, Tang Z, Hu T et al (2021) Evaluation of toxic effects induced by arsenic trioxide or/and antimony on autophagy and apoptosis in testis of adult mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:54647-54660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14486-1
- Manthari RK, Tikka C, Ommati MM, Niu R, Sun Z, Wang J et al (2018) Arsenic-induced autophagy in the developing mouse cerebellum: involvement of the blood-brain barrier's tight-junction proteins and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. J Agric Food Chem 66:8602-8614. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02654
- Zhong G, Wan F, Wu S, Jiang X, Tang Z, Zhang X et al (2021) Arsenic or/and antimony induced mitophagy and apoptosis associated with metabolic abnormalities and oxidative stress in the liver of mice. Sci Total Environ 777:146082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146082
- Tao Y, Qiu T, Yao X, Jiang L, Wang N, Jia X et al (2020) Autophagic-CTSB-inflammasome axis modulates hepatic stellate cells activation in arsenic-induced liver fbrosis. Chemosphere 242:124959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124959
- Xu X, Yu Z, Han B, Li S, Sun Y, Du Y et al (2021) Luteolin alleviates inorganic mercury-induced kidney injury via activation of the AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway. J Inorg Biochem 224:111583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111583
- Zhao G, Qi L, Wang Y, Li X, Li Q, Tang X et al (2021) Antagonizing effects of curcumin against mercury-induced autophagic death and trace elements disorder by regulating PI3K/AKT and Nrf2 pathway in the spleen. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 222:112529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112529
- Cui Y, Song M, Xiao B, Liu M, Liu P, Han Y et al (2021) ROS-mediated mitophagy and apoptosis are involved in aluminum-induced femoral impairment in mice. Chem Biol Interact 349:109663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109663
- Liu M, Wang B, Cui Y, Xiao B, Liu P, Gao J et al (2022) PINK1/ Parkin-mediated mitophagy is activated to protect against testicular damage caused by aluminum. J Inorg Biochem 232:111840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111840
- Xiao B, Cui Y, Li B, Zhang J, Zhang X, Song M et al (2022)ROS antagonizes the protection of parkin-mediated mitophagy against aluminum-induced liver inflammatory injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 165:113126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113126
- Chen L, Zhang B, Toborek M (2013) Autophagy is involved in nanoalumina-induced cerebrovascular toxicity. Nanomedicine-Uk 9:212-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.017
- Lee TY, Liu MS, Huang LJ, Lue SI, Lin LC, Kwan AL et al (2013) Bioenergetic failure correlates with autophagy and apoptosis in rat liver following silver nanoparticle intraperitoneal administration. Part Fibre Toxicol 10:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-40
- Zhou GX, Zhu HL, Shi XT, Nan Y, Liu WB, Dai LM et al (2021) Autophagy in sertoli cell protects against environmental cadmium-induced germ cell apoptosis in mouse testes. Environ Pollut 270:116241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116241
- Lv XH, Zhao DH, Cai SZ, Luo SY, You T, Xu BL et al (2015) Autophagy plays a protective role in cell death of osteoblasts exposure to lead chloride. Toxicol Lett 239:131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.014
- Guan X, Shen J, Xu Y, Feng X, Zhou R (2020) Heme oxygenase-1 enhances autophagy by modulating the AMPK/mTORC1 signaling pathway as a renoprotective mechanism to mitigate lead-induced nephrotoxicity. Am J Transl Res 12:4807-4818
- Sui L, Zhang RH, Zhang P, Yun KL, Zhang HC, Liu L et al (2015) Lead toxicity induces autophagy to protect against cell death through mTORC1 pathway in cardiofibroblasts. Biosci Rep 35:e00186. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20140164
- Zhu XX, Yao XF, Jiang LP, Geng CY, Zhong LF, Yang G et al (2014) Sodium arsenite induces ROS-dependent autophagic cell death in pancreatic beta-cells. Food Chem Toxicol 70:144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.006
- Yuntao F, Chenjia G, Panpan Z, Wenjun Z, Suhua W, Guangwei X et al (2016) Role of autophagy in methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary astrocytes. Arch Toxicol 90:333-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1425-1
- Shang N, Zhang P, Wang S, Chen J, Fan R, Chen J et al (2020) Aluminum-induced cognitive impairment and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway involvement in occupational aluminum eorkers. Neurotox Res 38:344-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00230-z